Modified DNA polymerases for improved amplification

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides improved DNA polymerases that may be better suited for applications in recombinant DNA technologies, in particular technologies involving plant-derived samples. Among other things, the present invention provides modified DNA polymerases derived from directed evolution experiments designed to select mutations that confer advantageous phenotypes under conditions used in industrial or research applications.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a national phase entry of international application serial number PCT/US2012/021348, filed Jan. 13, 2012 which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/432,936, filed Jan. 14, 2011, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

DNA polymerases are a family of enzymes that use single-stranded DNA as a template to synthesize the complementary DNA strand. In particular, DNA polymerases can add free nucleotides to the 3′ end of a newly-forming strand resulting in elongation of the new strand in a 5′-3′ direction. Most DNA polymerases are multifunctional proteins that possess both polymerizing and exonucleolytic activities (e.g., 3′→5′ exonuclease or 5′→3′ exonuclease activity).

DNA polymerases, like other natural enzymes, have evolved over millions of years to be efficient in their natural cellular environment. Many of them are almost perfectly adapted to work in that environment. In such an environment, the way that the protein can evolve is constrained by a number of requirements; the protein has to interact with other cellular components, it has to function in the cytoplasm (i.e., particular pH, ionic strength, in the presence of particular compounds, etc.) and it cannot cause lethal or disadvantageous side effects that detract from the fitness of the parent organism as a whole.

When DNA polymerases are removed from their natural environment and used in industrial or research applications, the environment and conditions under which the enzyme is operating is inevitably vastly different than those in which it evolved. Many of the constraints that limited the evolutionary direction the protein could take fall away. Therefore, there is vast potential for improvement of DNA polymerases for use in industrial or research applications.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides improved DNA polymerases that may be better suited for applications in recombinant DNA technologies, in particular technologies involving plant-derived samples. Among other things, the present invention provides modified DNA polymerases derived from directed evolution experiments designed to select mutations that confer advantageous phenotypes under conditions used in industrial or research applications. In particular, the present invention provides modified DNA polymerases that can effectively amplify biological samples containing various PCR inhibitors, especially plant-derived inhibitors. Thus, the present invention represents a significant improvement in recombinant DNA technology.

Accordingly, in one aspect, the present invention provides a modified DNA polymerase comprising an amino acid alteration (e.g., an amino acid substitution, deletion, and/or insertion) at a position corresponding to F749 of Taq polymerase (SEQ ID NO: 38) and at least one additional amino acid alteration at a position corresponding to A61, K346, S357, or I707 of Taq polymerase (SEQ ID NO: 38) relative to the corresponding wild-type enzyme. In some embodiments, a modified DNA polymerase according to the present invention contains amino acid alterations (e g, amino acid substitution(s), deletion(s), and/or insertion(s)) at positions corresponding to A61, K346, S357, I707 and F749 of Taq polymerase (SEQ ID NO: 38) relative to the corresponding wild-type enzyme. In some embodiments, a modified DNA polymerase further contains an amino acid alteration at a position corresponding to E507 of Taq polymerase (SEQ ID NO: 38).

In some embodiments, the amino acid alteration at position 749 is an amino acid substitution. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitution at position 749 is selected from the group consisting of F749L, F749I, F749V, F749T, F749Y, and F749M. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitution at position 749 is F749L. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitution at position 749 is F749V.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a modified DNA polymerase comprising one or more amino acid alterations (e.g., amino acid substitution(s), deletion(s), and/or insertion(s)) at one or more positions corresponding to A61, K346 and/or S357 of Taq polymerase (SEQ ID NO: 38) relative to the corresponding wild-type enzyme. In some embodiments, a modified DNA polymerase further comprises one or more additional alterations at one or more additional positions corresponding to E507, I707, and/or F749 of Taq polymerase (SEQ ID NO: 38). In some embodiments, suitable amino acid substitutions are selected from the group consisting of A61T, K346E, S357C, I707M, F749I, E507K and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, a modified DNA polymerase according to the invention contains amino acid substitutions of A61T, K346E, S357C, I707M, F749I, and E507K. In some embodiments, suitable amino acid substitutions are selected from the group consisting of A61T, K346E, S357C, I707M, F749L, E507K and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, a modified DNA polymerase according to the invention contains amino acid substitutions of A61T, K346E, S357C, I707M, F749L, and E507K.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides modified DNA polymerases containing one or more amino acid alterations (e.g., one or more substitutions, deletions, or insertions) corresponding to one or more positions selected from A61, K346, S357, I707, and/or F749 of Taq polymerase (SEQ ID NO: 38) relative to the corresponding wild-type enzyme. In certain embodiments, an amino acid alteration at I707 is not I707L. In certain embodiments, an amino acid alteration at F749 is not F749Y or F749S. In some embodiments, the modified DNA polymerases contain an additional alteration at a position corresponding to E507 of Taq polymerase (SEQ ID NO: 38).

In some embodiments, the DNA polymerase is modified from a naturally-occurring polymerase, e.g., a naturally-occurring polymerase isolated from any species of the genus Thermus, any species of the genus Meiothermus, any species of the genus Thermotoga, and/or any species of the genus Thermomicrobium. In some embodiments, the naturally-occurring polymerase is isolated from Bacillus stearothermophilus, Sphaerobacter thermophilus, Dictoglomus thermophilum, and/or Escherichia coli. In some embodiments, the naturally-occurring polymerase is isolated from Thermus aquaticus, Thermus thermophilus, Thermus caldophilus, or Thermus filiformis. In some embodiments, the naturally-occurring polymerase is isolated from Thermus aquaticus.

In some embodiments, the modified DNA polymerase has increased enzyme activity, processivity, resistance to nucleic acid intercalating dyes, and/or salt resistance as compared to the corresponding wild-type enzyme. In some embodiments, the modified DNA polymerase has increased resistance to plant-derived PCR inhibitors as compared to the corresponding wild-type enzyme.

In another aspect, the present invention provides formulations of DNA polymerases containing modified DNA polymerases described herein and at least one DNA polymerase exhibiting 3′-exonuclease activity. In some embodiments, the modified DNA polymerase and the at least one DNA polymerase exhibiting 3′-exonuclease activity are present in a ratio of about 1:1 to about 1:2000 relative units of enzyme. In some embodiments, the modified DNA polymerase and the at least one DNA polymerase exhibiting 3′-exonuclease activity are present in a ratio of about 1:4 to about 1:100 relative units of enzyme. In some embodiments, the at least one DNA polymerase exhibiting 3′-exonuclease activity is selected from the group consisting of Thermococcus litoralis (Vent™, GenBank: AAA72101), Pyrococcus furiosus (Pfu, GenBank: D12983, BAA02362), Pyrococcus woesii, Pyrococcus GB-D (Deep Vent™, GenBank: AAA67131), Thermococcus kodakaraensis KODI (KOD, GenBank: BD175553, BAA06142; Thermococcus sp. strain KOD (Pfx, GenBank: AAE68738)), Thermococcus gorgonarius (Tgo, Pdb: 4699806), Sulfolobus solataricus (GenBank: NC002754, P26811), Aeropyrum pernix (GenBank: BAA81109), Archaeglobus fulgidus (GenBank: Q29753), Pyrobaculum aerophilum (GenBank: AAL63952), Pyrodictium occultum (GenBank: BAA07579, BAA07580), Thermococcus 9 degree Nm (GenBank: AAA88769, Q56366), Thermococcus fumicolans (GenBank: CAA93738, P74918), Thermococcus hydrothermalis (GenBank: CAC18555), Thermococcus spp. GE8 (GenBank: CAC12850), Thermococcus spp. JDF-3 (GenBank: AX135456; WO0132887), Thermococcus spp. TY (GenBank: CAA73475), Pyrococcus abyssi (GenBank: P77916), Pyrococcus glycovorans (GenBank: CAC12849), Pyrococcus horikoshii (GenBank: NP 143776), Pyrococcus spp. GE23 (GenBank: CAA90887), Pyrococcus spp. ST700 (GenBank: CAC12847), Thermococcus pacificus (GenBank: AX411312.1), Thermococcus zilligii (GenBank: DQ3366890), Thermococcus aggregans, Thermococcus barossii, Thermococcus celer (GenBank: DD259850.1), Thermococcus profundus (GenBank: E14137), Thermococcus siculi (GenBank: DD259857.1), Thermococcus thioreducens, Thermococcus onnurineus NA1, Sulfolobus acidocaldarium, Sulfolobus tokodaii, Pyrobaculum calidifontis, Pyrobaculum islandicum (GenBank: AAF27815), Methanococcus jannaschii (GenBank: Q58295), Desulforococcus species TOK, Desulfurococcus, Pyrolobus, Pyrodictium, Staphylothermus, Vulcanisaetta, Methanococcus (GenBank: P52025), GenBank AAC62712, GenBank P956901, and GenBank BAAA07579.

In other, related aspects, the present invention provides modified Taq polymerases containing one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more, or each of the amino acid substitutions selected from the group consisting of A61T, K346E, S357C, I707M, E507K and F749I or F749L.

In yet another aspect, the present invention provides modified Taq polymerases containing amino acid substitutions of E507K and F749 I and at least one additional amino acid substitution selected from the group consisting of A61T, K346E, S357C, and I707M.

In another aspect, the present invention provides formulations of DNA polymerases containing modified Taq polymerases described herein and at least one DNA polymerase exhibiting 3′-exonuclease activity. In some embodiments, the modified Taq polymerase and the at least one DNA polymerase exhibiting 3′-exonuclease activity are present in a ratio of about 1:1 to about 1:2000 relative units of enzyme. In some embodiments, the modified DNA polymerase and the at least one DNA polymerase exhibiting 3′-exonuclease activity are present in a ratio of about 1:4 to about 1:100 relative units of enzyme. In some embodiments, the at least one DNA polymerase exhibiting 3′-exonuclease activity is selected from the group consisting of Thermococcus litoralis (Vent™, GenBank: AAA72101), Pyrococcus furiosus (Pfu, GenBank: D12983, BAA02362), Pyrococcus woesii, Pyrococcus GB-D (Deep Vent™, GenBank: AAA67131), Thermococcus kodakaraensis KODI (KOD, GenBank: BD175553, BAA06142; Thermococcus sp. strain KOD (Pfx, GenBank: AAE68738)), Thermococcus gorgonarius (Tgo, Pdb: 4699806), Sulfolobus solataricus (GenBank: NC002754, P26811), Aeropyrum pernix (GenBank: BAA81109), Archaeglobus fulgidus (GenBank: O29753), Pyrobaculum aerophilum (GenBank: AAL63952), Pyrodictium occultum (GenBank: BAA07579, BAA07580), Thermococcus 9 degree Nm (GenBank: AAA88769, Q56366), Thermococcus fumicolans (GenBank: CAA93738, P74918), Thermococcus hydrothermalis (GenBank: CAC18555), Thermococcus spp. GE8 (GenBank: CAC12850), Thermococcus spp. JDF-3 (GenBank: AX135456; WO0132887), Thermococcus spp. TY (GenBank: CAA73475), Pyrococcus abyssi (GenBank: P77916), Pyrococcus glycovorans (GenBank: CAC12849), Pyrococcus horikoshii (GenBank: NP 143776), Pyrococcus spp. GE23 (GenBank: CAA90887), Pyrococcus spp. ST700 (GenBank: CAC12847), Thermococcus pacificus (GenBank: AX411312.1), Thermococcus zilligii (GenBank: DQ3366890), Thermococcus aggregans, Thermococcus barossii, Thermococcus celer (GenBank: DD259850.1), Thermococcus profundus (GenBank: E14137), Thermococcus siculi (GenBank: DD259857.1), Thermococcus thioreducens, Thermococcus onnurineus NA1, Sulfolobus acidocaldarium, Sulfolobus tokodaii, Pyrobaculum calidifontis, Pyrobaculum islandicum (GenBank: AAF27815), Methanococcus jannaschii (GenBank: Q58295), Desulforococcus species TOK, Desulfurococcus, Pyrolobus, Pyrodictium, Staphylothermus, Vulcanisaetta, Methanococcus (GenBank: P52025), GenBank AAC62712, GenBank P956901, and GenBank BAAA07579.

The present invention also features kits containing a modified DNA polymerase described herein and uses thereof. In addition, the present invention provides nucleotide sequences encoding modified DNA polymerases described herein, and vectors and/or cells that include the nucleotide sequences.

The invention further provides methods including amplifying nucleic acids in a biological sample, including purified DNA and crude DNA extractions, using a modified DNA polymerase (e.g., Taq polymerase) as described herein.

In some embodiments, the biological sample is a plant sample (e.g., a crude plant sample such as leaf tissue, seed tissue, plant tissue, organ tissue, and/or crude plant DNA extracts). In some embodiments, the plant sample is a stored plant sample. In some embodiments, the biological sample is nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) purified from a plant sample.

In some embodiments, the biological sample is a crude non-plant sample (e.g., a sample such as mammalian tissue sample, buccal swabs, forensic samples, blood spots, cell culture samples, stabilized blood samples, microbiological samples, FFPE tissue, Guthrie card blood samples, FTA card blood samples. In some embodiments, the non-plant sample is a stored sample. In some embodiments, the biological sample is nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) purified from a non-plant sample.

In this application, the use of “or” means “and/or” unless stated otherwise. As used in this application, the term “comprise” and variations of the term, such as “comprising” and “comprises,” are not intended to exclude other additives, components, integers or steps. As used herein, the terms “about” and “approximately” are used as equivalents. Any numerals used in this application with or without about/approximately are meant to cover any normal fluctuations appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the relevant art. In certain embodiments, the term “approximately” or “about” refers to a range of values that fall within 25%, 20%, 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or less in either direction (greater than or less than) of the stated reference value unless otherwise stated or otherwise evident from the context (except where such number would exceed 100% of a possible value).

Other features, objects, and advantages of the present invention are apparent in the detailed description, drawings and claims that follow. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description, the drawings, and the claims, while indicating embodiments of the present invention, are given by way of illustration only, not limitation. Various changes and modifications within the scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The drawings are for illustration purposes only not for limitation.

FIG. 1 depicts an alignment of amino acid sequences of naturally-occurring DNA polymerases from bacterial species. Exemplary amino acid alterations discovered by directed evolution experiments are shown above each alignment. giI118828IspIP19821. (SEQ ID NO: 1); gi|62298349|sp|P5202 (SEQ ID NO: 2); gi|2506365|sp|P80194 (SEQ ID NO: 3); gi|3913510|sp|052225 (SEQ ID NO: 4); gi|206889818|ref|YP_ (SEQ ID NO: 5); gi|38146985|gb|AAR11 (SEQ ID NO: 6); gi|179351193|gb|ACB8 (SEQ ID NO: 7); gi|307233423|refIZP_ (SEQ ID NO: 8); gi|157363023|ref|YP_ (SEQ ID NO: 9); gi|148270302|ref|YP_ (SEQ ID NO: 10); gi|15644367|ref|NP_2 (SEQ ID NO: 11); gi|150021780|ref|YP_ (SEQ ID NO: 12); gi|82395938|gb|ABB72 (SEQ ID NO: 13); gi|912445|dbjBAA023 (SEQ ID NO: 14); gi|3992153|gb|AAC855 (SEQ ID NO: 15); gi|166856716|gb|ABY9 (SEQ ID NO: 16); gi|45775036|gb|AAS77 (SEQ ID NO: 17); gi|9627454|ref|NP_04 (SEQ ID NO:18); Consensus (SEQ ID NO: 19).

FIG. 2 depicts an exemplary PCR screening using a mixed plant extract to poison a PCR reaction producing a 1 kb Lambda fragment. Unlabeled lanes are various clones from the selection. Clone 15 (labeled) gave the highest yield compared to test samples and a control sample (Taq-E7S; labeled).

FIG. 3 depicts an exemplary PCR reaction using a control polymerase (Taq-E7S) or Clone 15 to amplify a 1.2 kb amplicon using 0.5 mm diameter grapevine leaf discs under varying KCl conditions. Reactions were performed in triplicate.

FIG. 4 depicts an exemplary PCR reaction using a control polymerase (Taq-E7S) or Clone 15 to amplify a 1.45 kb amplicon using 0.5 mm diameter potato leaf discs. Reactions were performed in triplicate.

FIG. 5 depicts an exemplary PCR reaction using a control polymerase (Taq or Taq-E7S) or Clone 15 to amplify a 1 kb amplicon from various amounts of Lambda template DNA (5 ng, 1 ng, 200 pg, 40 pg, 8 pg, no-template control) in PCR buffer with and without KCl.

FIG. 6 depicts an exemplary PCR reaction using a control polymerase (Taq or Taq-E7S) or Clone 15 to amplify a 1 kb amplicon from various amounts of Lambda template DNA (5 ng, 1 ng, 200 pg, 40 pg, 8 pg, no-template control) in PCR buffer with and without KCl Two PCR programs, one with a 30 s annealing/extension time and one with a 20 s annealing/extension time were used.

FIG. 7 depicts an exemplary PCR reaction using a control polymerase (Taq or Taq-E7S) or Clone 15 to amplify a 800 bp amplicon using 0.5 mm diameter grapevine leaf discs in the presence or absence of an exemplary additive. Reactions were performed in triplicate.

FIG. 8 depicts an exemplary PCR reaction using Clone 15 polymerase and altered versions of Clone 15 polymerases containing alternative substitutions at position 749, to amplify an 800 bp amplicon from crude extract or purified grapevine leaf DNA extracts.

FIG. 9 depicts an exemplary PCR reaction using blend versions of certain altered versions of Clone 15 from FIG. 8, to amplify a 1221 bp amplicon from crude extract or purified grapevine leaf DNA extracts.

DEFINITIONS

In order for the present invention to be more readily understood, certain terms are first defined below. Additional definitions for the following terms and other terms are set forth throughout the specification.

Amino acid: As used herein, term “amino acid,” in its broadest sense, refers to any compound and/or substance that can be incorporated into a polypeptide chain. In some embodiments, an amino acid has the general structure H₂N—C(H)(R)—COOH. In some embodiments, an amino acid is a naturally-occurring amino acid. In some embodiments, an amino acid is a synthetic amino acid; in some embodiments, an amino acid is a D-amino acid; in some embodiments, an amino acid is an L-amino acid. “Standard amino acid” refers to any of the twenty standard L-amino acids commonly found in naturally occurring peptides. “Nonstandard amino acid” refers to any amino acid, other than the standard amino acids, regardless of whether it is prepared synthetically or obtained from a natural source. As used herein, “synthetic amino acid” encompasses chemically modified amino acids, including but not limited to salts, amino acid derivatives (such as amides), and/or substitutions. Amino acids, including carboxy- and/or amino-terminal amino acids in peptides, can be modified by methylation, amidation, acetylation, and/or substitution with other chemical without adversely affecting their activity. Amino acids may participate in a disulfide bond. The term “amino acid” is used interchangeably with “amino acid residue,” and may refer to a free amino acid and/or to an amino acid residue of a peptide. It will be apparent from the context in which the term is used whether it refers to a free amino acid or a residue of a peptide. It should be noted that all amino acid residue sequences are represented herein by formulae whose left and right orientation is in the conventional direction of amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus.

Base Pair (bp): As used herein, base pair refers to a partnership of adenine (A) with thymine (T), or of cytosine (C) with guanine (G) in a double stranded DNA molecule.

Chimeric polymerase: As used herein, the term “chimeric polymerase” (also referred to as “chimera”) refers to any recombinant polymerase containing at least a first amino acid sequence derived from a first DNA polymerase and a second amino acid sequence derived from a second DNA polymerase. Typically, the first and second DNA polymerases are characterized with at least one distinct functional characteristics (e.g., processivity, elongation rate, fidelity). As used herein, a sequence derived from a DNA polymerase of interest refers to any sequence found in the DNA polymerase of interest, or any sequence having at least 70% (e.g., at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%) identical to an amino acid sequence found in the DNA polymerase of interest. A “chimeric polymerase” according to the invention may contain two or more amino acid sequences from related or similar polymerases (e.g., proteins sharing similar sequences and/or structures), joined to form a new functional protein. A “chimeric polymerase” according to the invention may contain two or more amino acid sequences from unrelated polymerases, joined to form a new functional protein. For example, a chimeric polymerase of the invention may be an “interspecies” or “intergenic” fusion of protein structures expressed by different kinds of organisms.

Complementary: As used herein, the term “complementary” refers to the broad concept of sequence complementarity between regions of two polynucleotide strands or between two nucleotides through base-pairing. It is known that an adenine nucleotide is capable of forming specific hydrogen bonds (“base pairing”) with a nucleotide which is thymine or uracil. Similarly, it is known that a cytosine nucleotide is capable of base pairing with a guanine nucleotide.

Corresponding to: As used herein, the term “corresponding to” is often used to designate the position/identity of an amino acid residue in a DNA polymerase or a nucleotide in a polynucleotide encoding a DNA polymerase. Those of ordinary skill will appreciate that, for purposes of simplicity, a canonical numbering system (based on wild type Taq polymerase) is utilized herein (as illustrated, for example, in FIG. 1, so that an amino acid “corresponding to” a residue at position 190, for example, need not actually be the 190^(th) amino acid in a particular amino acid chain but rather a residue that plays the same role, structurally or functionally, as the residue found at 190 in wild type Taq polymerase; those of ordinary skill in the art readily appreciate how to identify corresponding amino acids. Exemplary methods for identifying corresponding residues include, but are not limited to, sequence alignment, molecular modeling, and mutagenesis studies.

DNA binding affinity: As used herein, the term “DNA-binding affinity” typically refers to the activity of a DNA polymerase in binding DNA nucleic acid. In some embodiments, DNA binding activity can be measured in a two band-shift assay. For example, in some embodiments (based on the assay of Guagliardi et al. (1997) J. Mol. Biol. 267:841-848), double-stranded nucleic acid (the 452-bp HindIII-EcoRV fragment from the S. solfataricus lacS gene) is labeled with ³²P to a specific activity of at least about 2.5×10⁷ cpm/μg (or at least about 4000 cpm/fmol) using standard methods. See, e.g., Sambrook et al. (2001) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (₃ ^(rd) ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, NY) at 9.63-9.75 (describing end-labeling of nucleic acids). A reaction mixture is prepared containing at least about 0.5 μg of the polypeptide in about 10 μl of binding buffer (50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 8.0), 10% glycerol, 25 mM KCl, 25 mM MgCl₂). The reaction mixture is heated to 37° C. for 10 min About 1×10⁴ to 5×10⁴ cpm (or about 0.5-2 ng) of the labeled double-stranded nucleic acid is added to the reaction mixture and incubated for an additional 10 min. The reaction mixture is loaded onto a native polyacrylamide gel in 0.5× Tris-borate buffer. The reaction mixture is subjected to electrophoresis at room temperature. The gel is dried and subjected to autoradiography using standard methods. Any detectable decrease in the mobility of the labeled double-stranded nucleic acid indicates formation of a binding complex between the polypeptide and the double-stranded nucleic acid. Such nucleic acid binding activity may be quantified using standard densitometric methods to measure the amount of radioactivity in the binding complex relative to the total amount of radioactivity in the initial reaction mixture.

Elongation rate: As used herein, the term “elongation rate” refers to the average speed at which a DNA polymerase extends a polymer chain. As used herein, a high elongation rate refers to an elongation rate higher than 50 nt/s (e.g., higher than 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140 nt/s). As used in this application, the terms “elongation rate” and “speed” are used inter-changeably.

Enzyme activity: As used herein, the term “enzyme activity” refers to the specificity and efficiency of a DNA polymerase. Enzyme activity of a DNA polymerase is also referred to as “polymerase activity,” which typically refers to the activity of a DNA polymerase in catalyzing the template-directed synthesis of a polynucleotide. Enzyme activity of a polymerase can be measured using various techniques and methods known in the art. For example, serial dilutions of polymerase can be prepared in dilution buffer (e.g., 20 mM Tris.Cl, pH 8.0, 50 mM KCl, 0.5% NP 40, and 0.5% Tween-20). For each dilution, 5 μl can be removed and added to 45 μl of a reaction mixture containing 25 mM TAPS (pH 9.25), 50 mM KCl, 2 mM MgCl₂, 0.2 mM dATP, 0.2 mM dGTP, 0.2 mM dTTP, 0.1 mM dCTP, 12.5 μg activated DNA, 100 μM [α-³²P]dCTP (0.05 μCi/nmol) and sterile deionized water. The reaction mixtures can be incubated at 37° C. (or 74° C. for thermostable DNA polymerases) for 10 minutes and then stopped by immediately cooling the reaction to 4° C. and adding 10 μl of ice-cold 60 mM EDTA. A 25 μl aliquot can be removed from each reaction mixture. Unincorporated radioactively labeled dCTP can be removed from each aliquot by gel filtration (Centri-Sep, Princeton Separations, Adelphia, N.J.). The column eluate can be mixed with scintillation fluid (1 ml). Radioactivity in the column eluate is quantified with a scintillation counter to determine the amount of product synthesized by the polymerase. One unit of polymerase activity can be defined as the amount of polymerase necessary to synthesize 10 nmole of product in 30 minutes (Lawyer et al. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264:6427-647). Other methods of measuring polymerase activity are known in the art (see, e.g. Sambrook et al. (2001) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (3.sup.rd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, NY)).

Fidelity: As used herein, the term “fidelity” refers to the accuracy of DNA polymerization by template-dependent DNA polymerase. The fidelity of a DNA polymerase is typically measured by the error rate (the frequency of incorporating an inaccurate nucleotide, i.e., a nucleotide that is not incorporated at a template-dependent manner). The accuracy or fidelity of DNA polymerization is maintained by both the polymerase activity and the exonuclease activity of a DNA polymerase. The term “high fidelity” refers to an error rate less than 4.45×10⁻⁶ (e.g., less than 4.0×10⁻⁶, 3.5×10⁻⁶, 3.0×10⁻⁶, 2.5×10⁻⁶, 2.0×10⁻⁶, 1.5×10⁻⁶, 1.0×10⁻⁶, 0.5×10⁻⁶) mutations/nt/doubling. The fidelity or error rate of a DNA polymerase may be measured using assays known to the art. For example, the error rates of DNA polymerases can be tested using the lacI PCR fidelity assay described in Cline, J. et al. (96) NAR 24: 3546-3551. Briefly, a 1.9 kb fragment encoding the lacIOlacZα target gene is amplified from pPRIAZ plasmid DNA using 2.5 U DNA polymerase (i.e. amount of enzyme necessary to incorporate 25 nmoles of total dNTPs in 30 min. at 72° C.) in the appropriate PCR buffer. The lad-containing PCR products are then cloned into lambda GT10 arms, and the percentage of lacI mutants (MF, mutation frequency) is determined in a color screening assay, as described (Lundberg, K. S., Shoemaker, D. D., Adams, M. W. W., Short, J. M., Sorge, J. A., and Mathur, E. J. (1991) Gene 180:1-8). Error rates are expressed as mutation frequency per by per duplication (MF/bp/d), where by is the number of detectable sites in the lad gene sequence (349) and d is the number of effective target doublings. Similar to the above, any plasmid containing the lacIOlacZα target gene can be used as template for the PCR. The PCR product may be cloned into a vector different from lambda GT (e.g., plasmid) that allows for blue/white color screening.

Fusion DNA polymerase: As used herein, the term “fusion DNA polymerase” refers to any DNA polymerase that is combined (e.g., covalently or non-covalently) with one or more protein domains having a desired activity (e.g., DNA-binding, stabilizing template-primer complexes, hydrolyzing dUTP). In some embodiments, the one or more protein domains are derived from a non-polymerase protein. Typically, fusion DNA polymerases are generated to improve certain functional characteristics (e.g., processivity, elongation rate, fidelity, salt-resistance, etc.) of a DNA polymerase.

Joined: As used herein, “joined” refers to any method known in the art for functionally connecting polypeptide domains, including without limitation recombinant fusion with or without intervening domains, inter-mediated fusion, non-covalent association, and covalent bonding, including disulfide bonding, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic bonding, and conformational bonding.

Modified DNA polymerase: As used herein, the term “modified DNA polymerase” refers to a DNA polymerase originated from another (i.e., parental) DNA polymerase and contains one or more amino acid alterations (e.g., amino acid substitution, deletion, or insertion) compared to the parental DNA polymerase. In some embodiments, a modified DNA polymerases of the invention is originated or modified from a naturally-occurring or wild-type DNA polymerase. In some embodiments, a modified DNA polymerase of the invention is originated or modified from a recombinant or engineered DNA polymerase including, but not limited to, chimeric DNA polymerase, fusion DNA polymerase or another modified DNA polymerase. Typically, a modified DNA polymerase has at least one changed phenotype compared to the parental polymerase.

Mutant: As used herein, the term “mutant” refers to a modified protein which displays altered characteristics when compared to the parental protein.

Mutation: As used herein, the term “mutation” refers to a change introduced into a parental sequence, including, but not limited to, substitutions, insertions, deletions (including truncations). The consequences of a mutation include, but are not limited to, the creation of a new character, property, function, phenotype or trait not found in the protein encoded by the parental sequence. Herein, the term “mutation” is used interchangeably with “alteration.”

Nucleotide: As used herein, a monomeric unit of DNA or RNA consisting of a sugar moiety (pentose), a phosphate, and a nitrogenous heterocyclic base. The base is linked to the sugar moiety via the glycosidic carbon (1′ carbon of the pentose) and that combination of base and sugar is a nucleoside. When the nucleoside contains a phosphate group bonded to the 3′ or 5′ position of the pentose it is referred to as a nucleotide. A sequence of operatively linked nucleotides is typically referred to herein as a “base sequence” or “nucleotide sequence,” and is represented herein by a formula whose left to right orientation is in the conventional direction of 5′-terminus to 3′-terminus.

Nucleic acid intercalating dyes: As used herein, the term “nucleic acid intercalating dyes” refers to any molecules that bind to nucleic acids in a reversible, non-covalent fashion, by insertion between the base pairs of the double helix, thereby indicating the presence and amount of nucleic acids. Generally, nucleic acid intercalating dyes are planar, aromatic, ring-shaped chromophore molecules. In some embodiments, intercalating dyes include fluorescent dyes. Numerous intercalating dyes are known in the art. Some non-limiting examples include PICO GREEN (P-7581, Molecular Probes), EB (E-8751, Sigma), propidium iodide (P-4170, Sigma), Acridine orange (A-6014, Sigma), 7-aminoactinomycin D (A-1310, Molecular Probes), cyanine dyes (e.g., TOTO, YOYO, BOBO, and POPO), SYTO, SYBR Green I, SYBR Green II, SYBR DX, OliGreen, CyQuant GR, SYTOX Green, SYTO9, SYTO10, SYTO17, SYBR14, FUN-1, DEAD Red, Hexidium Iodide, Dihydroethidium, Ethidium Homodimer, 9-Amino-6-Chloro-2-Methoxyacridine, DAPI, DIPI, Indole dye, Imidazole dye, Actinomycin D, Hydroxystilbamidine, and LDS 751 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,210,885), BOXTO, LC Green, Evagreen, Bebo.

Oligonucleotide or Polynucleotide: As used herein, the term “oligonucleotide” is defined as a molecule including two or more deoxyribonucleotides and/or ribonucleotides, preferably more than three. Its exact size will depend on many factors, which in turn depend on the ultimate function or use of the oligonucleotide. The oligonucleotide may be derived synthetically or by cloning. As used herein, the term “polynucleotide” refers to a polymer molecule composed of nucleotide monomers covalently bonded in a chain. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are examples of polynucleotides.

Polymerase: As used herein, a “polymerase” refers to an enzyme that catalyzes the polymerization of nucleotide (i.e., the polymerase activity). Generally, the enzyme will initiate synthesis at the 3′-end of the primer annealed to a polynucleotide template sequence, and will proceed toward the 5′ end of the template strand. A “DNA polymerase” catalyzes the polymerization of deoxynucleotides.

Primer: As used herein, the term “primer” refers to an oligonucleotide, whether occurring naturally or produced synthetically, which is capable of acting as a point of initiation of nucleic acid synthesis when placed under conditions in which synthesis of a primer extension product which is complementary to a nucleic acid strand is induced, e.g., in the presence of four different nucleotide triphosphates and thermostable enzyme in an appropriate buffer (“buffer” includes pH, ionic strength, cofactors, etc.) and at a suitable temperature. The primer is preferably single-stranded for maximum efficiency in amplification, but may alternatively be double-stranded. If double-stranded, the primer is first treated to separate its strands before being used to prepare extension products. Preferably, the primer is an oligodeoxyribonucleotide. The primer must be sufficiently long to prime the synthesis of extension products in the presence of the thermostable enzyme. The exact lengths of the primers will depend on many factors, including temperature, source of primer and use of the method. For example, depending on the complexity of the target sequence, the oligonucleotide primer typically contains 15-25 nucleotides, although it may contain more or few nucleotides. Short primer molecules generally require colder temperatures to form sufficiently stable hybrid complexes with template.

Processivity: As used herein, “processivity” refers to the ability of a polymerase to remain attached to the template and perform multiple modification reactions. “Modification reactions” include but are not limited to polymerization, and exonucleolytic cleavage. In some embodiments, “processivity” refers to the ability of a DNA polymerase to perform a sequence of polymerization steps without intervening dissociation of the enzyme from the growing DNA chains. Typically, “processivity” of a DNA polymerase is measured by the length of nucleotides (for example 20 nts, 300 nts, 0.5-1 kb, or more) that are polymerized or modified without intervening dissociation of the DNA polymerase from the growing DNA chain. “Processivity” can depend on the nature of the polymerase, the sequence of a DNA template, and reaction conditions, for example, salt concentration, temperature or the presence of specific proteins. As used herein, the term “high processivity” refers to a processivity higher than 20 nts (e.g., higher than 40 nts, 60 nts, 80 nts, 100 nts, 120 nts, 140 nts, 160 nts, 180 nts, 200 nts, 220 nts, 240 nts, 260 nts, 280 nts, 300 nts, 320 nts, 340 nts, 360 nts, 380 nts, 400 nts, or higher) per association/disassociation with the template. Processivity can be measured according the methods defined herein and in WO 01/92501 A1.

Synthesis: As used herein, the term “synthesis” refers to any in vitro method for making new strand of polynucleotide or elongating existing polynucleotide (i.e., DNA or RNA) in a template dependent manner. Synthesis, according to the invention, includes amplification, which increases the number of copies of a polynucleotide template sequence with the use of a polymerase. Polynucleotide synthesis (e.g., amplification) results in the incorporation of nucleotides into a polynucleotide (i.e., a primer), thereby forming a new polynucleotide molecule complementary to the polynucleotide template. The formed polynucleotide molecule and its template can be used as templates to synthesize additional polynucleotide molecules. “DNA synthesis,” as used herein, includes, but is not limited to, PCR, the labeling of polynucleotide (i.e., for probes and oligonucleotide primers), polynucleotide sequencing.

Template DNA molecule: As used herein, the term “template DNA molecule” refers to a strand of a nucleic acid from which a complementary nucleic acid strand is synthesized by a DNA polymerase, for example, in a primer extension reaction.

Template dependent manner: As used herein, the term “template dependent manner” refers to a process that involves the template dependent extension of a primer molecule (e.g., DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase). The term “template dependent manner” typically refers to polynucleotide synthesis of RNA or DNA wherein the sequence of the newly synthesized strand of polynucleotide is dictated by the well-known rules of complementary base pairing (see, for example, Watson, J. D. et al., In: Molecular Biology of the Gene, 4th Ed., W. A. Benjamin, Inc., Menlo Park, Calif. (1987)).

Thermostable enzyme: As used herein, the term “thermostable enzyme” refers to an enzyme which is stable to heat (also referred to as heat-resistant) and catalyzes (facilitates) polymerization of nucleotides to form primer extension products that are complementary to a polynucleotide template sequence. Typically, thermostable stable polymerases are preferred in a thermocycling process wherein double stranded nucleic acids are denatured by exposure to a high temperature (e.g., about 95° C.) during the PCR cycle. A thermostable enzyme described herein effective for a PCR amplification reaction satisfies at least one criteria, i.e., the enzyme does not become irreversibly denatured (inactivated) when subjected to the elevated temperatures for the time necessary to effect denaturation of double-stranded nucleic acids. Irreversible denaturation for purposes herein refers to permanent and complete loss of enzymatic activity. The heating conditions necessary for denaturation will depend, e.g., on the buffer salt concentration and the length and nucleotide composition of the nucleic acids being denatured, but typically range from about 90° C. to about 96° C. for a time depending mainly on the temperature and the nucleic acid length, typically about 0.5 to ten minutes. Higher temperatures may be tolerated as the buffer salt concentration and/or GC composition of the nucleic acid is increased. In some embodiments, thermostable enzymes will not become irreversibly denatured at about 90° C.-100° C. Typically, a thermostable enzyme suitable for the invention has an optimum temperature at which it functions that is higher than about 40° C., which is the temperature below which hybridization of primer to template is promoted, although, depending on (1) magnesium and salt, concentrations and (2) composition and length of primer, hybridization can occur at higher temperature (e.g., 45° C.-70° C.). The higher the temperature optimum for the enzyme, the greater the specificity and/or selectivity of the primer-directed extension process. However, enzymes that are active below 40° C. (e.g., at 37° C.) are also with the scope of this invention provided they are heat-stable. In some embodiments, the optimum temperature ranges from about 50° C. to 90° C. (e.g., 60° C.-80° C.).

Wild-type: As used herein, the term “wild-type” refers to a gene or gene product which has the characteristics of that gene or gene product when isolated from a naturally-occurring source.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides, among other things, modified DNA polymerases containing amino acid alterations based on mutations identified in directed evolution experiments designed to select enzymes that are better suited for applications in recombinant DNA technologies. In particular, the present invention provides modified DNA polymerases that have superior activity in amplifying biological samples containing various PCR inhibitors (e.g., plant-derived inhibitors).

Traditionally, inhibitors are a major obstacle for efficient amplification in PCR, for example in PCR reactions containing plant-derived samples. It was known that polysaccharides, secondary metabolites, polyphenolics and the like co-isolate with nucleic acids from plant tissues resulting in inhibition of amplification. See, Koonjul P. K. et al. “Inclusion of polyvinylpyrrolidone in the polymerase chain reaction reverses the inhibitory effects of polyphenolic contamination of RNA,” Nucleic Acids Research, 1999, 27(3):915-916; Demeke T. and Jenkins G. R., “Influence of DNA extraction methods, PCR inhibitors and quantification methods on real-time PCR assay of biotechnology-derived traits,” Anal Bioanal Chem, 2010, 396:1977-1990. As described in the Examples section, the present inventors have, through directed DNA polymerase evolution screening, successfully discovered mutations (see e.g., Table 2) that renders a modified DNA polymerase containing such mutations able to effectively amplify inhibitor-containing samples with higher yield and sensitivity as compared to a wild-type or unmodified parental polymerase control. In some cases, a modified DNA polymerase provided by the present invention may amplify inhibitor-containing samples where a wild-type or unmodified parental polymerase control fails completely. Thus, the present invention provides an effective solution to overcome this major obstacle for efficient PCR amplification.

As can be appreciated by one skilled in the art, Taq polymerase was used as an exemplary polymerase. One or more modifications described herein may be introduced to various DNA polymerases to achieve the same effects.

Various aspects of the invention are described in detail in the following sections. The use of sections is not meant to limit the invention. Each section can apply to any aspect of the invention. In this application, the use of “or” means “and/or” unless stated otherwise.

Directed DNA Polymerase Evolution Screening

As described in the Examples section, the present inventors have successfully developed directed DNA polymerase evolution experiments by mimicking the typical or less-than typical environments and conditions under which an enzyme is usually used or expected to be used in real-life industrial or research applications.

Various mutations have been observed during the selection process. Many mutations confer advantages relating to enzyme characteristics including, but not limited to, expression efficiency, solubility and folding robustness, thermostability, polymerization activity, processivity, speed (elongation rate), concentration robustness, resistance to impurities, resistance to chemical additives, fidelity, avoidance of primer-dimers, strand-displacement activity, altered nuclease activity, nucleotide selectivity, and other properties and characteristics involved in the process of DNA polymerization.

It is contemplated that the mutations identified herein confer a variety of phenotypes that can make DNA polymerases better suited for applications in recombinant DNA technologies. For example, mutations identified in accordance with the present invention may render modified DNA polymerases containing one or more of such mutations that are resistant to PCR inhibitors (e.g., plant-derived PCR inhibitors), salt, PCR additives (e.g., PCR enhancers). In some embodiments, a modified DNA polymerase is resistant to a PCR inhibitor (e.g., a plant-derived inhibitor) if the modified DNA polymerase amplifies a sample containing the PCR inhibitor (e.g., a plant-derived inhibitor) with higher yield (e.g., with more than 1.2-fold, 1.5-fold, 2-fold, 2.5-fold, 3-fold, 3.5-fold, 4-fold, 4.5-fold, 5-fold or more in yield) as compared to a wild-type or an unmodified parental polymerase control under otherwise identical conditions. In some embodiments, a modified DNA polymerase is resistant to a PCR inhibitor (e.g., a plant-derived inhibitor) if the modified DNA polymerase amplifies a sample containing the PCR inhibitor (e.g., a plant-derived inhibitor) where a wild-type or an unmodified parental polymerase control fails to amplify the sample under otherwise identical conditions. As used herein, an unmodified parental polymerase control refers to a polymerase from which a modified DNA polymerase of the invention is derived. An unmodified parental polymerase control may have a sequence of a wild-type polymerase. In some embodiments, an unmodified parental polymerase control may also contain one or more mutations as compared to a wild-type polymerase, or a chimeric polymerase, fusion polymerase or any type of DNA polymerases described in the DNA polymerases section below. As used herein, PCR inhibitors include, but are not limited to, polysaccharides, secondary metabolites, polyphenolics, ionic detergents, organic solvents, heavy metals, salts, pigments, alcohols, urea, DMSO, betaine, heparin, fluorescent dyes, humic acid, heme, immunoglobulins. Typical plant-derived PCR inhibitors include, but are not limited to, polysaccharides, secondary metabolites, polyphenolics, phytic acid, tannins, dextran sulfate, pigments, plant oils, plant waxes.

Mutations identified in accordance with the present invention may also confer enzymatic phenotypes related to the selective advantages described herein. Indeed, the present inventors have identified or expect to identify mutant polymerases that express well, are more soluble, that display higher activity, processivity and/or speed, that are active over a wide range of concentrations, that have a higher fidelity, and other phenotypes that may not be immediately measurable. Since many of these phenotypes may depend on the manner in which the DNA and polymerase interact, it is contemplated that many of the mutations identified in accordance with the present invention may affect DNA-polymerase binding characteristics.

In addition, it is contemplated that mutations identified according to the present invention may confer enzymatic phenotypes not directly related to the selective advantages described herein. For example, some phenotypes may confer no advantage, but merely be a side effect of the advantageous mutation. In addition, some mutants may display phenotypes that could be considered disadvantageous. For example, some mutations confer an advantage (for example, high activity), but this advantage comes at a cost (for example, high error-rate). If the advantage outweighs the disadvantage, the mutation will still be selected for. Such mutations may have commercial uses. For example, a low fidelity enzyme could be used in error prone PCR (e.g., for mutagenesis).

Exemplary mutations and mutant clones containing combinations of mutations associated with specific phenotypes are discussed in the Examples section and are shown at least in Tables 3, 4, 5, 8, 12, and 15.

It is further contemplated that, since many DNA polymerases have similar sequences, structures and functional domains, mutations and/or the positions where mutations occur identified herein can serve as bases for modification of DNA polymerases in general. For example, same or similar mutations, as well as other alterations, may be introduced at the corresponding positions in various DNA polymerases to generate modified enzymes that are better adapted for recombinant use.

DNA Polymerases

Modified DNA polymerases in accordance with the present invention may be modified from any types of DNA polymerases including, but not limited to, naturally-occurring wild-type DNA polymerases, recombinant DNA polymerase or engineered DNA polymerases such as chimeric DNA polymerases, fusion DNA polymerases, or other modified DNA polymerases. In particular embodiments, DNA polymerases suitable for the invention are thermostable DNA polymerases (PCR-able).

Naturally-Occurring DNA Polymerases

In some embodiments, naturally-occurring DNA polymerases suitable for the invention are type A DNA polymerases (also known as family A DNA polymerases). Type A DNA polymerases are classified based on amino acid sequence homology to E. coli polymerase I (Braithwaite and Ito, Nuc. Acids. Res. 21:787-802, 1993), and include E. coli pol I, Thermus aquaticus DNA pol I (Taq polymerase), Thermus flavus DNA pol I, Streptococcus pneumoniae DNA pol I, Bacillus stearothermophilus pol I, phage polymerase T5, phage polymerase T7, mitochondrial DNA polymerase pol gamma, as well as additional polymerases discussed below.

Family A DNA polymerases are commercially available, including Taq polymerase (New England BioLabs), E. coli pol I (New England BioLabs), E. coli pol I Klenow fragment (New England BioLabs), and T7 DNA polymerase (New England BioLabs), and Bacillus stearothermophilus (Bst) DNA polymerase (New England BioLabs).

Suitable DNA polymerases can also be derived from bacteria or other organisms with optimal growth temperatures that are similar to the desired assay temperatures. For example, such suitable bacteria or other organisms may exhibit maximal growth temperatures of >80-85° C. or optimal growth temperatures of >70-80° C.

Sequence information of many type A DNA polymerases are publicly available. Table 1 provides a list of GenBank Accession numbers and other GenBank Accession information for exemplary type A DNA polymerases, including species from which they are derived.

TABLE 1 Sequence Accession Information for Certain Type A DNA Polymerases Geobacillus stearothermophilus ACCESSION 3BDP_A VERSION 3BDP_AGI: 4389065 DBSOURCE pdb: molecule 3BDP, chain 65, release Aug. 27, 2007. Natranaerobius thermophiles JW/NM-WN-LF ACCESSION ACB85463 VERSION ACB 85463.1 GI: 179351193 DBSOURCE accession CP001034.1 Thermus thermophiles HB8 ACCESSION P52028 VERSION P52028.2 GI: 62298349 DBSOURCE swissprot: locus DPO1T_THET8, accession P52028 Thermus thermophilus ACCESSION P30313 VERSION P30313.1 GI: 232010 DBSOURCE swissprot: locus DPO1F_THETH, accession P30313 Thermus caldophilus ACCESSION P80194 VERSION P80194.2 GI: 2506365 DBSOURCE swissprot: locus DPO1_THECA, accession P80194 Thermus filiformis ACCESSION O52225 VERSION O52225.1 GI: 3913510 DBSOURCE swissprot: locus DPO1_THEFI, accession O52225 Thermus filiformis ACCESSION AAR11876 VERSION AAR11876.1 GI: 38146983 DBSOURCE accession AY247645.1 Thermus aquaticus ACCESSION P19821 VERSION P19821.1 GI: 118828 DBSOURCE swissprot: locus DPO1_THEAQ, accession P19821 Thermotoga lettingae TMO ACCESSION YP_001469790 VERSION YP_001469790.1 GI: 157363023 DBSOURCE REFSEQ: accession NC_009828.1 Thermosipho melanesiensis BI429 ACCESSION YP_001307134 VERSION YP_001307134.1 GI: 150021780 DBSOURCE REFSEQ: accession NC_009616.1 Thermotoga petrophila RKU-1 ACCESSION YP_001244762 VERSION YP_001244762.1 GI: 148270302 DBSOURCE REFSEQ: accession NC_009486.1 Thermotoga maritima MSB8 ACCESSION NP_229419 VERSION NP_229419.1 GI: 15644367 DBSOURCE REFSEQ: accession NC_000853.1 Thermodesulfovibrio yellowstonii DSM 11347 ACCESSION YP_002249284 VERSION YP_002249284.1 GI: 206889818 DBSOURCE REFSEQ: accession NC_011296.1 Dictyoglomus thermophilum ACCESSION AAR11877 VERSION AAR11877.1 GI: 38146985 DBSOURCE accession AY247646.1 Geobacillus sp. MKK-2005 ACCESSION ABB72056 VERSION ABB72056.1 GI: 82395938 DBSOURCE accession DQ244056.1 Bacillus caldotenax ACCESSION BAA02361 VERSION BAA02361.1 GI: 912445 DBSOURCE locus BACPOLYTG accession D12982.1 Thermoanaerobacter thermohydrosulfuricus ACCESSION AAC85580 VERSION AAC85580.1 GI: 3992153 DBSOURCE locus AR003995 accession AAC85580.1 Thermoanaerobacter pseudethanolicus ATCC 33223 ACCESSION ABY95124 VERSION ABY95124.1 GI: 166856716 DBSOURCE accession CP000924.1 Enterobacteria phage T5 ACCESSION AAS77168 CAA04580 VERSION AAS77168.1 GI: 45775036 DBSOURCE accession AY543070.1 Enterobacteria phage T7 (T7) ACCESSION NP_041982 VERSION NP_041982.1 GI: 9627454 DBSOURCE REFSEQ: accession NC_001604.1 Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655 ACCESSION AAB02998 VERSION AAB02998.1 GI: 304969 DBSOURCE locus ECOUW87 accession L19201.1

Additional DNA polymerases are shown in FIG. 1. DNA polymerases suitable for the present invention include DNA polymerases that have not yet been isolated.

In some embodiments, a naturally-occurring DNA polymerase suitable for the present invention is isolated from any species of the genus Thermus, any species of the genus Meiothermus, any species of the genus Thermotoga, and/or any species of the genus Thermomicrobium. In some embodiments, a naturally-occurring polymerase suitable for the present invention is isolated from Bacillus stearothermophilus, Sphaerobacter thermophilus, Dictoglomus thermophilum, and/or Escherichia coli. In some embodiments, a naturally-occurring polymerase suitable for the present invention is isolated from Thermus aquaticus, Thermus thermophilus, Thermus caldophilus, or Thermus filiformis. In some embodiments, the naturally-occurring polymerase is isolated from Thermus aquaticus.

Truncated DNA Polymerases

In some embodiments, DNA polymerases suitable for the present invention include truncated versions of naturally-occurring polymerases (e.g., a fragment of a DNA polymerase resulted from an N-terminal, C-terminal or internal deletion that retains polymerase activity). One exemplary truncated DNA polymerase suitable for the invention is KlenTaq which contains a deletion of a portion of the 5′ to 3′ exonuclease domain (see, Barnes W. M. (1992) Gene 112:29-35; and Lawyer F. C. et al. (1993) PCR Methods and Applications, 2:275-287).

In some embodiments, DNA polymerases in accordance with the present invention are defined by or comprise the consensus sequence XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXLXDGXXLXYRAXXALXXXLXTSXGXXTNAXYG FXXMLXKXXXXXXXXXXXXXXVXFDXKXXTFXRHXXXXXYKXXRXXXPXXXXXQX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXLEXXGYEADDIIXTXXXXXXXXXXXXXXIXXGDXDXXQLVXX KXXXXXXXKXITXXXXXXXXXVXEKYGVXPXXXXDXXXLXGXXSDNIPGVXGIGEKT AXXLLXXXGXXEXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXLXXXXEXXXLSXXLXXXXXX XPXXXEXXXXXLXXXXXXXEKLXXXXXXLEFXSXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXLXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXLXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXLXXXGXXLXXXXFXXDXXXXAYLLXPXXXXXXXDXXAXXYLXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXAXXXAXXXXXLXXXXXXXXXXEX XLXXLXXXIEXPLXXVLXXMEXXGXXXDXXXLKXLSXXXXXXXXXLXXXIXXXXXX XXXXXXAGXXFNXNSXKQLXXXLFXXLXLPXXXKTXXTGXXSTXXEVLXXLXXXHP XXXIXXXILXXYRXLXKLKSTYXDXLXXXXXXXPXTGRXHTXFNQTXTATGRLSSSXP XNLQXIPXXRXEXGXXIRXAFVXXXXXXXIXXADYSQIELRXLAXHLSXDXNLIXAFXX GXXXXXXXXDIHTXTASXIFXVXXEXXXXXXVTXXMRRXAKXVNXGIXYGXSXXGLS XXLXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXIXXXEAXXXIEXYFXXXPXVXXXIXXXXXXAKXXGY VXTLFGRRRXXPXIXSRNXXVRXXXERXAXNXPIQGTAADIIKLAMXXXXXXLXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXLQXHDELVXEVXXEEXXXVXXXXKXXMEXXVXLXVPXXXXLXVX XXXGXXWXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX (SEQ ID NO: 20), wherein X is any amino acid or a peptide bond.

In some embodiments, DNA polymerases in accordance with the present invention are defined by or comprise the consensus sequence LXDGXXLXYRAXXALXXXLXTSXGXXTNAXYGFXXMLXKXXXXXXXXXXXXXXVX FDXKXXTFXRHXXXXXYKXXRXXXPXXXXXQXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXLEXXGYEAD DIIXTXXXXXXXXXXXXXXIXXGDXDXXQLVXXKXXXXXXXKXITXXXXXXXXXVX EKYGVXPXXXXDXXXLXGXXSDNIPGVXGIGEKTAXXLLXXXGXXEXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXLXXXXEXXXLSXXLXXXXXXXPXXXEXXXXXLXXXXXXXEKL XXXXXXLEFXSXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXLXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXLXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXLXXXGXXLXX XXFXXDXXXXAYLLXPXXXXXXXDXXAXXYLXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXAXXXAXXXXXLXXXXXXXXXXEXXLXXLXXXIEXPLXXVLXXME XXGXXXDXXXLKXLSXXXXXXXXXLXXXIXXXXXXXXXXXXAGXXFNXNSXKQLX XXLFXXLXLPXXXKTXXTGXXSTXXEVLXXLXXXHPXXXIXXXILXXYRXLXKLKSTY XDXLXXXXXXXPXTGRXHTXFNQTXTATGRLSSSXPXNLQXIPXXRXEXGXXIRXAFV XXXXXXXIXXADYSQIELRXLAXHLSXDXNLIXAFXXGXXXXXXXXDIHTXTASXIFXV XXEXXXXXXVTXXMRRXAKXVNXGIXYGXSXXGLSXXLXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXI XXXEAXXXIEXYFXXXPXVXXXIXXXXXXAKXXGYVXTLFGRRRXXPXIXSRNXXVR XXXERXAXNXPIQGTAADIIKLAMXXXXXXLXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXLQXHDELVX EVXXEEXXXVXXXXKXXMEXXVXLXVPXXXXLXVXXXXGXXW (SEQ ID NO: 21), wherein X is any amino acid or a peptide bond.

In some embodiments, DNA polymerases in accordance with the present invention are defined by or comprise the consensus sequence LXDGXXLXYRAXXALXXXLXTSXGXXTNAXYGFXXMLXKXXXXXXXXXXXXXXVX FDXKXXTFXRHXXXXXYKXXRXXXPXXXXXQXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXLEXXGYEAD DIIXTXXXXXXXXXXXXXXIXXGDXDXXQLVXXK (SEQ ID NO: 22), wherein X is any amino acid or a peptide bond.

In some embodiments, DNA polymerases in accordance with the present invention are defined by or comprise the consensus sequence EXXLXXLXXXIEXPLXXVLXXMEXXGXXXDXXXLKXLSXXXXXXXXXLXXXIXXXX XXXXXXXXAGXXFNXNSXKQLXXXLFXXLXLPXXXKTXXTGXXSTXXEVLXXLXXX HPXXXIXXXILXXYRXLXKLKSTYXDXLXXXXXXXPXTGRXHTXFNQTXTATGRLSSS XPXNLQXIPXXRXEXGXXIRXAFVXXXXXXXIXXADYSQIELRXLAXHLSXDXNLIXAF XXGXXXXXXXXDIHTXTASXIFXVXXEXXXXXXVTXXMRRXAKXVNXGIXYGXSXX GLSXXLXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXIXXXEAXXXIEXYFXXXPXVXXXIXXXXXXAKX XGYVXTLFGRRRXXPXIXSRNXXVRXXXERXAXNXPIQGTAADIIKLAMXXXXXXLXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXLQXHDELVXEVXXEEXXXVXXXXKXXMEXXVXLXVPXXXXL XVXXXXGXXW (SEQ ID NO: 23), wherein X is any amino acid or a peptide bond.

Chimeric DNA Polymerases

In some embodiments, chimeric DNA polymerases suitable for the invention include any DNA polymerases containing sequences derived from two or more different DNA polymerases. In some embodiments, chimeric DNA polymerases suitable for the invention include chimeric DNA polymerases as described in co-pending application entitled “Chimeric DNA polymerases” filed on even date, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

Chimeric DNA polymerases suitable for the invention also include the chimeric DNA polymerases described in U.S. Publication No. 20020119461, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,228,628 and 7,244,602, herein incorporated by reference.

Fusion DNA Polymerases

Suitable fusion DNA polymerases include any DNA polymerases that are combined (e.g., covalently or non-covalently) with one or more protein domains having a desired activity (e.g., DNA-binding, dUTP hydrolysis or stabilizing template-primer complexes). In some embodiments, the one or more protein domains having the desired activity are derived from a non-polymerase protein. Typically, fusion DNA polymerases are generated to improve certain functional characteristics (e.g., processivity, elongation rate, fidelity, salt-resistance, dUTP tolerance etc.) of a DNA polymerase. For example, DNA polymerase has been fused in frame to the helix-hairpin-helix DNA binding motifs from DNA topoisomerase V and shown to increase processivity, salt resistance and thermostability of the fusion DNA polymerase as described in Pavlov et al., 2002, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99:13510-13515. Fusion of the thioredoxin binding domain to T7 DNA polymerase enhances the processivity of the DNA polymerase fusion in the presence of thioredoxin as described in WO 97/29209, U.S. Pat. No. 5,972,603 and Bedford et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 479-484 (1997). Fusion of the archaeal PCNA binding domain to Taq DNA polymerase results in a DNA polymerase fusion that has enhanced processivity and produces higher yields of PCR amplified DNA in the presence, of PCNA (Motz, M., et al., J. Biol. Chem. May 3, 2002; 277 (18); 16179-88). Also, fusion of the sequence non-specific DNA binding protein Sso7d or Sac7d from Sulfolobus sulfataricus to a DNA polymerase, such as Pfu or Taq DNA polymerase, was shown to greatly increase the processivity of these DNA polymerases as disclosed in WO 01/92501 A1, which is hereby incorporated by reference. Additional fusion polymerases are described in US Publication No. 20070190538A1, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Commercially available exemplary fusion polymerases include, but are not limited to, TopoTaq™ (Fidelity Systems) which is a hybrid of Taq polymerase fused to a sequence non-specific Helix-hairpin-helix (HhH) motif from DNA topoisomerase V (Topo V) (see, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,427,928; 5,656,463; 5,902,879; 6,548,251; Pavlov et al., 2002, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99:13510-13515, all of which are incorporated herein by references); Phusion™ (Finnzymes and NEB, sold by BioRad as iProof) which is a chimeric Deep Vent™/Pfu DNA polymerase fused to a small basic chromatin-like Sso7d protein (see, U.S. Pat. No. 6,627,424, U.S. Application Publication Nos. 20040191825, 20040081963, 20040002076, 20030162173, 20030148330, and Wang et al. 2004, Nucleic Acids Research, 32(3), 1197-1207, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference); PfuUltra™ II Fusion (Agilent) which is a Pfu-based DNA polymerase fused to a double stranded DNA binding protein (U.S. Application No. 20070148671, which is incorporated by reference); Herculase II Fusion (Agilent) which is a Herculase II enzyme fused to a DNA-binding domain; and Pfx50 (Invitrogen) which is a DNA polymerase from T. zilligii fused to an accessory protein that stabilizes primer-template complexes.

Generation of Modified DNA Polymerases of the Invention

Modified DNA polymerases can be generated by introducing one or more amino acid alterations into a DNA polymerase at the positions corresponding to the positions described herein (e.g., positions identified in Table 2).

TABLE 2 Mutations in Taq polymerase. Position Mutation 61 A61T 346 K346E 357 S357C 507 E507K 707 I707M 749 F749I

Typically, corresponding positions in various DNA polymerases can be determined by alignment of amino acid sequences. Alignment of amino acid sequences can be achieved in various ways that are within the skill in the art, for instance, using publicly available computer software such as BLAST, ALIGN or Megalign (DNASTAR) software. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for measuring alignment, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full length of the sequences being compared. Preferably, the WU-BLAST-2 software is used to determine amino acid sequence identity (Altschul et al., Methods in Enzymology 266, 460-480 (1996); URL: //blast.wustl/edu/blast/README.html). WU-BLAST-2 uses several search parameters, most of which are set to the default values. The adjustable parameters are set with the following values: overlap span=1, overlap fraction=0.125, word threshold (T)=11. HSP score (S) and HSP S2 parameters are dynamic values and are established by the program itself, depending upon the composition of the particular sequence, however, the minimum values may be adjusted and are set as indicated above. An example of an alignment is shown in FIG. 1. Exemplary amino acid alterations (e.g., corresponding to those alterations in Taq polymerase described above) in DNA polymerases from various organisms are shown in Table. 3.

TABLE 3 Exemplary Amino Acid Alterations in DNA Polymerases (pairwise alignments were performed to the Taq DNA polymerase protein sequence using the ClustalW algorithm, with default settings). Corresponding Residue in Corresponding Corresponding Thermus Residue in Residue in Residue thermophilus Geobacilis E.coli in Taq DNA Poly- staerothermophilus DNA Poly- Polymerase merase I DNA Polymerase I merase I (Examplary (Examplary (Exemplary (Exemplary Position Mutation) Mutation) Mutation) Mutation) 61 DAVIVVFDA KAVFVVFDA THLLVAFDA THAAVVFDA (A61T) (A62T) (H55T) (H57T) 346 LKEARGLLA LKEVRGLLA ETKKKSMFD LELLKPLLE (K346E) (K348E) (T367E) (E403) 357 LSVLALREG LAVLASREG RAVVALKWK KALKVGQNL (S357C) (A359C) (A378C) (A414C) 507 TEKTGKRST TQKTGKRST TKTGYSTSA TPGGAPSTS (E507K) Q509K K553 P603K 707 WIEKTLEEG WIEKTLEEG YMENIVQEA YMERTRAQA (I707M) (I709M) (M752) (M802) 749 AFNMPVQGT AFNMPVQGT AMNTPIQGS AINAPMQGT (F749I) (F751I) (M794I) (I844)

Alterations may be a substitution, deletion or insertion of one or more amino acid residues. Appropriate alteration for each position can be determined by examining the nature and the range of mutations at the corresponding position described herein. In some embodiments, appropriate amino acid alterations can be determined by evaluating a three-dimensional structure of a DNA polymerase of interest (e.g., parental DNA polymerase). For example, amino acid substitutions identical or similar to those described in Table 2 can be introduced to a DNA polymerase. Alternative amino acid substitutions can be made using any of the techniques and guidelines for conservative and non-conservative amino acids as set forth, for example, by a standard Dayhoff frequency exchange matrix or BLOSUM matrix. Six general classes of amino acid side chains have been categorized and include: Class I (Cys); Class II (Ser, Thr, Pro, Ala, Gly); Class III (Asn, Asp, Gln, Glu); Class IV (H is, Arg, Lys); Class V (Ile, Leu, Val, Met); and Class VI (Phe, Tyr, Trp). For example, substitution of an Asp for another class III residue such as Asn, Gln, or Glu, is a conservative substitution. As used herein, “non-conservative substitution” refers to the substitution of an amino acid in one class with an amino acid from another class; for example, substitution of an Ala, a class II residue, with a class III residue such as Asp, Asn, Glu, or Gln. Insertions or deletions may optionally be in the range of 1 to 5 amino acids.

Appropriate amino acid alterations allowed in relevant positions may be confirmed by testing the resulting modified DNA polymerases for activity in the in vitro assays known in the art or as described in the Examples below.

The variations can be made using methods known in the art such as oligonucleotide-mediated (site-directed) mutagenesis, and PCR mutagenesis. Site-directed mutagenesis (Carter et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 13:4331 (1986); Zoller et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 10:6487 (1987)), cassette mutagenesis (Wells et al., Gene, 34:315 (1985)), restriction selection mutagenesis (Wells et al., Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London SerA, 317:415 (1986)), inverse PCR with mutations included in the primer sequence, or other known techniques can be performed on the cloned DNA to produce desired modified DNA polymerases.

In some embodiments, alterations suitable for the invention also include chemical modification including acetylation, acylation, amidation, ADP-ribosylation, glycosylation, GPI anchor formation, covalent attachment of a lipid or lipid derivative, methylation, myristlyation, pegylation, prenylation, phosphorylation, ubiqutination, or any similar process.

Modified DNA polymerases according to the invention may contain one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, or five) of the amino acid alterations at one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, or five) positions corresponding to those described in Table 2. Modified DNA polymerases according to the invention may also contain additional substitutions, insertions and/or deletions independent of the mutations observed or selected in the directed evolution experiments. Thus, in some embodiments, a modified DNA polymerase according to the invention has an amino acid sequence at least 70%, e.g., at least 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99%, identical to a corresponding wild-type (or naturally-occurring) DNA polymerase. In some embodiments, a modified DNA polymerase has 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 amino acid substitutions, deletions, insertions, or a combination thereof, relative to a wild type form of the polymerase.

“Percent (%) amino acid sequence identity” is defined as the percentage of amino acid residues in a modified sequence that are identical with the amino acid residues in the corresponding parental sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percent amino acid sequence identity are similar to the alignment for purposes of determining corresponding positions as described above.

Methods well known in the art may be applied to express and isolate modified DNA polymerases. Many bacterial expression vectors contain sequence elements or combinations of sequence elements allowing high level inducible expression of the protein encoded by a foreign sequence. For example, expression vectors are commercially available from, for example, Novagen (accessible at the hypertext transfer protocol on the world wide web at emdbiosciences.com/html/NVG/All Tables.html#).

As an example, bacteria expressing an integrated inducible form of the T7 RNA polymerase gene may be transformed with an expression vector bearing a modified DNA polymerase gene linked to the T7 promoter. Induction of the T7 RNA polymerase by addition of an appropriate inducer, for example, isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) for a lac-inducible promoter, induces the high level expression of the chimeric gene from the T7 promoter.

Appropriate host strains of bacteria may be selected from those available in the art by one of skill in the art. As a non-limiting example, E. coli strain BL-21 is commonly used for expression of exogenous proteins since it is protease deficient relative to other strains of E. coli. For situations in which codon usage for the particular polymerase gene differs from that normally seen in E. coli genes, there are strains of BL-21 that are modified to carry tRNA genes encoding tRNAs with rarer anticodons (for example, argU, ileY, leuW, and proL tRNA genes), allowing high efficiency expression of cloned genes (several BL21-CODON PLUS™ cell strains carrying rare-codon tRNAs are available from Agilent, for example). Additionally or alternatively, genes encoding DNA polymerases may be codon optimized to facilitate expression in E. coli. Codon optimized sequences can be chemically synthesized.

There are many methods known to those of skill in the art that are suitable for the purification of a modified DNA polymerase of the invention. For example, the method of Lawyer et al. (1993, PCR Meth. & App. 2: 275) is well suited for the isolation of DNA polymerases expressed in E. coli, as it was designed originally for the isolation of Taq polymerase. Alternatively, the method of Kong et al. (1993, J. Biol. Chem. 268: 1965, incorporated herein by reference) may be used, which employs a heat denaturation step to destroy host proteins, and two column purification steps (over DEAE-Sepharose and heparin-Sepharose columns) to isolate highly active and approximately 80% pure DNA polymerase.

Further, modified DNA polymerase may be isolated by an ammonium sulfate fractionation, followed by Q Sepharose and DNA cellulose columns, or by adsorption of contaminants on a HiTrap Q column, followed by gradient elution from a HiTrap heparin column.

Applications of Modified DNA Polymerases of the Invention

Modified DNA polymerases of the present invention may be used for any methods involving polynucleotide synthesis. Polynucleotide synthesis methods are well known to a person of ordinary skill in the art and can be found, for example, in Molecular Cloning second edition, Sambrook et al., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989). For example, modified DNA polymerases of the present invention have a variety of uses in recombinant DNA technology including, but not limited to, labeling of DNA by nick translation, second-strand cDNA synthesis in cDNA cloning, DNA sequencing, whole-genome amplification and amplifying, detecting, and/or cloning nucleic acid sequences using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

In some embodiments, the invention provides enzymes that are better suited for PCR used in industrial or research applications. PCR refers to an in vitro method for amplifying a specific polynucleotide template sequence. The technique of PCR is described in numerous publications, including, PCR: A Practical Approach, M. J. McPherson, et al., IRL Press (1991), PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications, by Innis, et al., Academic Press (1990), and PCR Technology: Principals and Applications for DNA Amplification, H. A. Erlich, Stockton Press (1989). PCR is also described in many U.S. patents, including U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195; 4,683,202; 4,800,159; 4,965,188; 4,889,818; 5,075,216; 5,079,352; 5,104,792; 5,023,171; 5,091,310; and 5,066,584, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

In some embodiments, the invention provides enzymes that are better suited for PCR amplification of plant-derived samples Inhibitors, such as polysaccharides, secondary metabolites, and polyphenolics, among others, can co-isolate with nucleic acids from plant tissues, leading to an inhibition of downstream molecular manipulations, such as PCR (see, for example, Koonjul, 1998, Nucleic Acids Research., 27(3):915. Such inhibitors may act in a variety of ways, such as by causing precipitation of DNA, denaturation of DNA, decreasing the ability of a polymerase enzyme to bind to magnesium ions (e.g., kinetically modifying the PCR reaction by chelating cofactors such as magnesium), binding to target DNA or DNA polymerase, etc. (see, for example, Demeke, 2010, Anal Bioanal Chem., 396:1977. PCR inhibitors may originate from plant tissue (e.g., leaves, bark, fruit, etc.) or from reagents used for DNA isolation. Modified DNA polymerases in accordance with the present invention may be more resistant to PCR inhibitors, in particular PCR inhibitors present in plant-derived samples, as compared to their wild-type counterparts or unmodified parental polymerases.

Modified DNA polymerases with higher processivity, elongation rate, salt resistance, and/or fidelity are expected to improve efficiency and success rate of long-range amplification (higher yield, longer targets amplified) and reduce the amount of required DNA template.

Various specific PCR amplification applications are available in the art (for reviews, see for example, Erlich, 1999, Rev Immunogenet., 1: 127-34; Prediger 2001, Methods Mol. Biol. 160: 49-63; Jurecic et al., 2000, Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 3: 316-21; Triglia, 2000, Methods Mol. Biol. 130: 79-83; MaClelland et al., 1994, PCR Methods Appl. 4: S66-81; Abramson and Myers, 1993, Current Opinion in Biotechnology 4: 41-47; each of which is incorporated herein by references).

As non-limiting examples, modified DNA polymerases described herein can be used in PCR applications including, but are not limited to, i) hot-start PCR which reduces non-specific amplification; ii) touch-down PCR which starts at high annealing temperature, then decreases annealing temperature in steps to reduce non-specific PCR product; iii) nested PCR which synthesizes more reliable product using an outer set of primers and an inner set of primers; iv) inverse PCR for amplification of regions flanking a known sequence. In this method, DNA is digested, the desired fragment is circularized by ligation, then PCR using primer complementary to the known sequence extending outwards; v) AP-PCR (arbitrary primed)/RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA). These methods create genomic fingerprints from species with little-known target sequences by amplifying using arbitrary oligonucleotides; vi) RT-PCR which uses RNA-directed DNA polymerase (e.g., reverse transcriptase) to synthesize cDNAs which is then used for PCR. This method is extremely sensitive for detecting the expression of a specific sequence in a tissue or cells. It may also be used to quantify mRNA transcripts; vii) RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends). This is used where information about DNA/protein sequence is limited. The method amplifies 3′ or 5′ ends of cDNAs generating fragments of cDNA with only one specific primer each (plus one adaptor primer). Overlapping RACE products can then be combined to produce full length cDNA; viii) DD-PCR (differential display PCR) which is used to identify differentially expressed genes in different tissues. A first step in DD-PCR involves RT-PCR, then amplification is performed using short, intentionally nonspecific primers; ix) Multiplex-PCR in which two or more unique targets of DNA sequences in the same specimen are amplified simultaneously. One DNA sequence can be use as control to verify the quality of PCR; x) Q/C-PCR (Quantitative comparative) which uses an internal control DNA sequence (but of different size) which compete with the target DNA (competitive PCR) for the same set of primers; xi) Recursive PCR which is used to synthesize genes. Oligonucleotides used in this method are complementary to stretches of a gene (>80 bases), alternately to the sense and to the antisense strands with ends overlapping (−20 bases); xii) Asymmetric PCR; xiii) In Situ PCR; xiv) Site-directed PCR Mutagenesis; xv) DOP-PCR that uses partially degenerate primers for whole-genome amplification; xvi) quantitative PCR using SYBR green or oligonucleotide probes to detect amplification; and xvii) error-prone PCR in which conditions are optimized to give an increased number of mutations in the PCR product.

It should be understood that this invention is not limited to any particular amplification system. As other systems are developed, those systems may benefit by practice of this invention.

In some embodiments, modified DNA polymerases are blended with other DNA polymerases in order to further increase processivity, elongation rate, salt resistance, and/or fidelity and reduce the amount of required DNA for PCR applications. For examples, in some embodiments, modified DNA polymerases in accordance with the present invention may be used with DNA polymerases exhibiting 3′-exonuclease activity (e.g., proofreading activity). In some embodiments, DNA polymerases exhibiting 3′-exonuclease activity are type B DNA polymerases (also known as family B DNA polymerases). Family B polymerases include, but are not limited to, E. coli pol II, archaeal polymerases, PRD1, phi29, M2, T4 bacteriophage DNA polymerases, eukaryotic polymerases a, A, c, and many viral polymerases. In some embodiments, DNA polymerases suitable for the invention are archaeal polymerases (e.g., euryarchaeal polymerases). Suitable exemplary archaeal polymerases include, but are not limited to, DNA polymerases from archaea (e.g., Thermococcus litoralis (Vent™, GenBank: AAA72101), Pyrococcus furiosus (Pfu, GenBank: D12983, BAA02362), Pyrococcus woesii, Pyrococcus GB-D (Deep Vent™, GenBank: AAA67131), Thermococcus kodakaraensis KODI (KOD, GenBank: BD175553, BAA06142; Thermococcus sp. strain KOD (Pfx, GenBank: AAE68738)), Thermococcus gorgonarius (Tgo, Pdb: 4699806), Sulfolobus solataricus (GenBank: NC002754, P26811), Aeropyrum pernix (GenBank: BAA81109), Archaeglobus fulgidus (GenBank: O29753), Pyrobaculum aerophilum (GenBank: AAL63952), Pyrodictium occultum (GenBank: BAA07579, BAA07580), Thermococcus 9 degree Nm (GenBank: AAA88769, Q56366), Thermococcus fumicolans (GenBank: CAA93738, P74918), Thermococcus hydrothermalis (GenBank: CAC18555), Thermococcus spp. GE8 (GenBank: CAC12850), Thermococcus spp. JDF-3 (GenBank: AX135456; WO0132887), Thermococcus spp. TY (GenBank: CAA73475), Pyrococcus abyssi (GenBank: P77916), Pyrococcus glycovorans (GenBank: CAC12849), Pyrococcus horikoshii (GenBank: NP 143776), Pyrococcus spp. GE23 (GenBank: CAA90887), Pyrococcus spp. ST700 (GenBank: CAC12847), Thermococcus pacificus (GenBank: AX411312.1), Thermococcus zilligii (GenBank: DQ3366890), Thermococcus aggregans, Thermococcus barossii, Thermococcus celer (GenBank: DD259850.1), Thermococcus profundus (GenBank: E14137), Thermococcus siculi (GenBank: DD259857.1), Thermococcus thioreducens, Thermococcus onnurineus NA1, Sulfolobus acidocaldarium, Sulfolobus tokodaii, Pyrobaculum calidifontis, Pyrobaculum islandicum (GenBank: AAF27815), Methanococcus jannaschii (GenBank: Q58295), Desulforococcus species TOK, Desulfurococcus, Pyrolobus, Pyrodictium, Staphylothermus, Vulcanisaetta, Methanococcus (GenBank: P52025) and other archaeal B polymerases, such as GenBank AAC62712, P956901, BAAA07579)). See, for example, International Patent Application PCT/US09/063,166 (WO2010/062776), entitled “CHIMERIC DNA POLYMERASES”, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference. Type B DNA polymerases suitable for the present invention also include modified type B DNA polymerases such as those described in International Patent Application PCT/US2009/063169 (WO2010/062779), entitled “MODIFIED DNA POLYMERASES”, the entire contents of which is herein incorporated by reference.

It will be appreciated that polymerase blends in accordance with the present disclosure may contain a ratio of modified DNA polymerases to other types of DNA polymerases exhibiting 3′-exonuclease activity (e.g., Type B polymerases) in any appropriate range, for example, from about 1:1 to about 1:2000 relative units of modified DNA polymerase to DNA polymerases exhibiting 3′-exonuclease activity; 1:2 to about 1:1000 relative units of modified DNA polymerase to DNA polymerases exhibiting 3′-exonuclease activity; 1:4 to about 1:500 relative units of modified DNA polymerase to DNA polymerases exhibiting 3′-exonuclease activity; and from about 1:1 to about 1:100 relative units of modified DNA polymerase to DNA polymerases exhibiting 3′-exonuclease activity. See, for example, suitable exemplary ratios between various polymerases and methods and formulations for making polymerase blends are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,436,149, the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.

In some embodiments, modified DNA polymerases are used with PCR additives in order to further increase processivity, elongation rate, salt resistance, and/or fidelity and reduce the amount of required DNA for PCR applications. In some embodiments, additives provide improved enzyme thermostability, modified primer annealing characteristics, improved melting characteristics of DNA, sequestration of PCR inhibitors. Exemplary additives that may be used in accordance with the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, bovine serum albumin, tetramethyl ammonium chloride, dimethylsulfoxide, beta-mercaptoethanol, tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine, sodium metabisulfite, povidone, Tween 20, Triton X-100, Nonidet P-40, polyethylene glycol, betaine, formamide, 7-deaza dGTP, spermidine, thermostable RecA, glycerol, gelatin, low-fat milk powder, and combinations thereof.

Kits

The invention also contemplates kit formats which include a package unit having one or more containers containing modified DNA polymerases of the invention and compositions thereof. In some embodiments, the present invention provides kits further including containers of various reagents used for polynucleotide synthesis, including synthesis in PCR.

Inventive kits in accordance with the present invention may also contain one or more of the following items: polynucleotide precursors, primers, buffers, instructions, PCR additives and controls. Kits may include containers of reagents mixed together in suitable proportions for performing the methods in accordance with the invention. Reagent containers preferably contain reagents in unit quantities that obviate measuring steps when performing the subject methods.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Directed Evolution Experiments Using Taq Polymerase

To select mutated enzymes that would better be suited for recombinant DNA technologies, a directed evolution experiment is designed by simply mimicking the normal conditions under which the enzyme is usually used, or possibly under less than perfect conditions such as are expected in real-life applications. After conducting enough rounds of selection, an enzyme (or multiple enzymes) that is better suited for typical applications in recombinant DNA technologies should appear. Details of directed evolution experiments and exemplary advantages of associated with selected mutations are described in the co-pending application entitled “Modified DNA Polymerases (WO2010/062779), which is incorporated by reference herein.

In particular, we have performed directed evolution experiments using a mutant type A DNA polymerase, Taq-E507K. Directed evolution experiments were conducted on Taq-E507K mutant libraries created by error-prone PCR.

Several rounds of selection were conducted. During the course of the ongoing selection, it is likely that many different mutations will confer different types of advantage, to different degrees, either alone or in combination. Typically, during the first rounds of selection, there are no obvious dominant clones, while the huge numbers of neutral or disadvantageous mutants are likely to be eliminated. Thereafter, a number of particular mutations typically appear in higher than expected numbers. These mutations are there because they have some advantages.

Typically, the selections are considered to have worked when the vast pool of mutants that are in the starting material have been eliminated and the pool is dominated by a remaining few types or families of mutants that have out-competed the other mutants and the wild type. At this stage, it is not necessary to define exactly the nature of the improvement that the mutations confer. The fact that it was selected for is sufficient proof, especially if the same mutation becomes dominant in independently run selections.

Further selection results in the number of some of these mutations increasing in the pool, while others may be eliminated possibly because they have some advantages but they are not sufficient to compete with better-adapted clones. At the same time, some previously unnoticed mutants may appear. The late appearance of these mutants might be due to the fact that these specific mutations were low in number in the starting pool, or that the mutation required another (or more than one) mutation in the same clone for the advantage to manifest. If selections continue even further, eventually, a few clones will likely to dominate substantially. Typically, it is important to isolate clones before this final point if it is desirable to isolate a wide range of beneficial mutations.

In particular experiments, DNA polymerase mutants of Taq-E507K were generated and screened for resistance to plant-derived PCR inhibitors. Several rounds of selection were conducted on Taq-E507K. During the course of the ongoing selections, many different mutations were observed either alone or in combination at various positions. Clones that exhibited higher tolerance than wild-type or its parental clone Taq-E507K to plant-derived PCR inhibitors were selected and sequenced. Clone 15 is an exemplary clone which demonstrated high yield amplification of samples containing plant-derived PCR inhibitors (FIG. 2). Sequence analysis of Clone 15 revealed mutations shown in Table 4. A general phenotype of Clone 15 is higher resistance to plant-derived PCR inhibitors than wild-type Taq or parental clone Taq-E507K. Clone 15 is further characterized for a variety of phenotypes, as described in further Examples below.

TABLE 4 Mutations Observed in Taq Mutant Clone 15 Selected for Resistance to Plant-derived PCR Inhibitors Position Mutation 61 A61T 346 K346E 357 S357C 707 1707M 749 F749I

It was contemplated a subset (e.g., one, two, three, four) of the five mutations shown in Table 4 may be sufficient to render the beneficial phenotypes of clone 15. Taq-E507K DNA polymerase and other mutant Taq-E507K polymerases were used as an example in the screen. It was contemplated that one or more mutations similar to those described in Table 4 may be introduced to various other DNA polymerases, in particular Type A DNA polymerases including those described herein.

Example 2 Types of Selective Advantage

There are a wide range of advantages that may have been selected for, some of which are listed and discussed below:

1) Expression Efficiency:

The clones that express higher levels of the enzyme will have an advantage over those that express less. The specific activity of the mutated enzyme may not have been improved but the total activity will have. This characteristics is particularly valuable to a manufacture of enzymes because this will allow increased production levels and/or reduced production costs.

2) Solubility and Folding Robustness:

When solubility increases, the probability of inclusion bodies forming decreases. Therefore, in these clones, a higher proportion of useful, correctly folded enzyme product is expressed.

3) Thermostability:

It is well known that, during the thermocycling required for PCR, a certain fraction of the enzyme is inactivated due to the heating. An enzyme that is resistant to heat-inactivation will maintain activity longer. Therefore, less enzyme can be used and/or more cycles can be conducted.

4) Activity:

Mutants with increased enzymatic activity provide more efficient polymerization.

5) Processivity:

Mutants with increased processivity are able to synthesize long PCR products and synthesize sequences with complexed secondary structure. Mutant enzymes that can incorporate more nucleotides/extension step are likely to operate efficiently at lower concentrations.

6) Speed:

Mutants with increased elongation rate provide more efficient polymerization. Enzymes that are fast can also be used with shorter extension times. This is particularly valuable for a high-throughput system.

7) Concentration Robustness:

It is known that PCR reactions may not be carried out appropriately if too much or too little enzyme is used. Under the selection conditions we used, a polymerase that can generate appropriate products whether it is supplied in excess or at low levels will have an advantage.

8) Resistance to Salts, PCR Additives and Other Inhibitors:

The selection was conducted in the presence of salts, PCR additives (e.g., intercalating dyes), and other impurities (e.g., plant derived inhibitors). The presence of salts may reduce the DNA binding affinity of polymerases. The presence of impurities may interfere with formation of a desired PCR product. A polymerase that is resistant to salts and inhibitors and can synthesize desired products is advantageous and will be selected for. The characteristic is particularly suited for applications in which PCR is used in crude samples.

9) Fidelity:

All polymerases make mistakes during replication, either by incorporating the wrong dNTP or by stuttering which causes deletions and insertions. Such mistakes can eliminate functional genes during selection, so there is a pressure for mistakes not to be made. A polymerase with higher fidelity is advantageous and will be selected for.

10) Strand-Displacement Activity:

Secondary structure in the DNA due to intramolecular self annealing may inhibit DNA strand-elongation catalyzed by the polymerase. Similarly, partial re-annealing of the complementary DNA in addition to the primer will inhibit PCR. Any enzyme with improved strand-displacement activity will have an advantage in the selection.

11) Pyrophosphate Tolerance:

Pyrophosphate is released during incorporation of nucleotides into the nascent strand by polymerases. Accumulation of pyrophosphate may lead to inhibition of the polymerase activity. Polymerases that were selected for in the Directed evolution example may have evolved to become less affected by pyrophosphate inhibition.

12) Unknown:

There many other factors involved in the process of PCR. Enzymes that are better adapted to PCR for any reason may be selected under our selection conditions.

Clone 15 is further characterized for a variety of phenotypes. So far, we have conducted tests for a few different phenotypes: tolerance to inhibitors, tolerance to salt, performance in various buffers, and speed. The tests to examine phenotypes are described in the following examples.

Example 3 Tolerance to Plant Inhibitors and High Salt

Clone 15 was tested for the ability to amplify a 1.2 kb PCR amplicon using a 0.5 mm diameter grapevine leaf discs directly in PCR reactions in the absence or presence of high salt. Reactions were performed in a buffer containing 150 mM Tris-H₂SO₄ (pH 8.5) and optionally 50 mM KCl. Exemplary reaction components are shown in Table 5 and Table 6. Exemplary cycling profile for this assay is shown in Table 7.

Exemplary primers include:

(SEQ ID NO: 24) Forward primer: GATCAACCCCGCTGCCCCAC (SEQ ID NO: 25) Reverse primer: CGAAGCCCATCCCCGCTCAG

TABLE 5 Exemplary Reaction Components for Assays without KCl Reaction volume = 50 Reaction component Concentration In 50 uL PCR water — — 29.3 Tris- H₂SO₄ (pH 8.5) 2 M 3.8 MgCl2 (supplement to 2.0 mM) 25 mM 4.0 Povidone 20% m/v 7.5 dNTPs 10 mM each 1.0 Primer 10 uM 1.5 Primer 10 uM 1.5 0.5 mm dia grapevine leaf disc — ng/uL — Taq DNA polymerase 20 ng/uL 1.5 TOTAL 50.0

TABLE 6 Exemplary Reaction Components for Assays with 50 mM KC1 Reaction volume = 50 Reaction component Concentration In 50 uL PCR water — — 26.8 Tris- H₂SO₄ (pH 8.5) 2 M 3.8 MgCl2 (supplement to 2.0 mM) 25 mM 4.0 KCl 50 mM 2.5 Povidone 20% m/v 7.5 dNTPs 10 mM each 1.0 Primer 10 uM 1.5 Primer 10 uM 1.5 0.5 mm dia grapevine leaf disc — ng/uL Taq DNA polymerase 20 ng/uL 1.5 TOTAL 50.0

TABLE 7 Exemplary Cycling Profile Cycling profile: Cycle No. Temp (° C.) Time Initial denaturation 1 95 10 min Denaturation 45 95 20 sec Annealing/Extension 45 72 40 sec Final elongation 1 72 1 min HOLD 1 4 Indefinite

Reaction products were run on an agarose gel and scored for a presence or absence, as well as intensity of a band at the appropriate fragment size. Exemplary results are shown in Table 8 and FIG. 3. Clone 15 gave a higher yield than control polymerase Taq-E7S. Furthermore, Taq-E7S failed when an additional 50 mM KCl was added to the buffer, indicating that Clone 15 is more salt-tolerant than Taq-E7S. Taq-E7S was previously shown to be tolerant to a host of PCR inhibitors compared to wild-type Taq (See, for example, WO2010/062777, the entire contents of which is herein incorporated by reference).

TABLE 8 Fragments Produced by Clone 15 Clone Name: −50 mM KCl +50 mM KCl Taq-E7S + − Clone 15 ++ +

Example 4 Tolerance to Plant Inhibitors

Clone 15 was tested for the ability to amplify a 1.45 kb PCR amplicon using 0.5 mm diameter potato leaf discs directly in PCR reactions. Reactions were performed in a buffer containing 150 mM Tris-H₂SO₄ (pH 8.5). Exemplary reaction components are shown in Table 9. Exemplary cycling profile for this assay is shown in Table 10.

Exemplary Primers:

(SEQ ID NO: 26) Forward primer: GCGCATGCAAGCTGACCTGG (SEQ ID NO: 27) Reverse primer: TCACGCTCCAAGGCGGGAAC

TABLE 9 Exemplary Reaction Components for Assays Reaction volume = 50 Reaction component Concentration In 50 uL PCR water — — 29.3 Tris- H₂SO₄ (pH 8.5) 2 M 3.8 MgCl2 (supplement to 2.0 mM) 25 mM 4.0 Povidone 20% m/v 7.5 dNTPs 10 mM each 1.0 Primer 10 uM 1.5 Primer 10 uM 1.5 0.5 mm dia potato leaf disc — ng/uL — Tag DNA polymerase 20 ng/uL 1.5 TOTAL 50.0

TABLE 10 Exemplary Cycling Profile Cycling profile: Cycle No. Temp (′ C.) Time Initial denaturation 1 95 3 min Denaturation 40 95 20 sec Annealing/Extension 40 72 45 sec Final elongation 1 72 1 min HOLD 1 4 Indefinite

Reaction products were run on an agarose gel and scored for either a presence or absence of a band at the appropriate fragment size. Exemplary results are shown in Table 11 and FIG. 4. Clone 15 exhibited positive amplification from the leaf discs whereas clone Taq-E7S did not exhibit positive amplification.

TABLE 11 Fragments Produced by Clone 15 Clone Name: Amplicon Taq-E7S − Clone 15 +

Example 5 Tolerance to Buffer Conditions

Taq, Taq-E7S, and Clone 15 were tested for the ability to amplify a 1 kb PCR amplicon using λ DNA in PCR reactions. Reactions were performed in a buffer containing 150 mM Tris-H₂SO₄ (pH 8.5; with and without 50 mM KCl) or 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.3; with either 50 mM or 100 mM KCl). Exemplary reaction components are shown in Table 12. Exemplary cycling profile for this assay is shown in Table 13.

Exemplary Primers:

(SEQ ID NO: 28) Forward primer: CCTGCTCTGCCGCTTCACGC (SEQ ID NO: 29) Reverse primer: GATGACGCATCCTCACGATAATATCCGG

TABLE 12 Exemplary Reaction Components for Assays Reaction component Concentration Buffer (150 mM Tris-H₂SO₄ (pH 8.5)or 1X 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.3)) KCl 0 mM, 50 mM, or 100 mM MgCl₂ 1.5 mM dNTPs 0.2 mM each Primer 0.3 uM Primer 0.3 uM Template (λ DNA) 5 ng, 1 ng, 200 pg, 40 pg, 8 pg or 0 pg DNA polymerase 1 unit

TABLE 13 Exemplary Cycling Profile Cycling profile: Cycle No. Temp (′ C.) Time Initial denaturation 1 95 3 min Denaturation 30 95 20 sec Annealing/Extension 30 72 30 sec Final elongation 1 72 1 min HOLD 1 4 Indefinite

Reaction products were run on an agarose gel and scored for either a presence or absence of a band at the appropriate fragment size. Exemplary results are shown in Table 14 and FIG. 5. Taq did not amplify in 150 mM Tris-H₂SO₄ buffer, whereas both Taq-E7S and Clone 15 did. Taq-E7S did not amplify when 50 mM KCl was added, whereas the performance of Clone 15 actually improved upon addition of 50 mM KCl. Taq amplified in 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer with 50 mM KCl, but not with 100 mM KCl.

TABLE 14 Fragments Produced by Taq, Taq-E7S and Clone 15 Amount of Template DNA 5 ng 1 ng 200 pg 40 pg 8 pg 150 mM Tris H₂SO₄ Taq  −50 mM KCl no no no no no  +50 mM KCl no no no no no 10 mM Tris HCl  +50 mM KCl yes yes no no no +100 mM KCl no no no no no 150 mM Tris H₂SO₄ Taq-E7S  −50 mM KCl yes yes no no no  +50 mM KCl no no no no no 150 mM Tris H₂SO₄ Clone 5  −50 mM KCl yes yes no no no  +50 mM KCl yes yes yes no no

Example 6 Tolerance to Buffer Conditions and Annealing/Extension Times

Taq, Taq-E7S, and Clone 15 were tested for the ability to amplify a 1 kb PCR amplicon using λ DNA in PCR reactions. Reactions were performed in a buffer containing 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.3; with either 50 mM or 100 mM KCl). Exemplary reaction components are shown in Table 15. Exemplary cycling profile for this assay is shown in Tables 16 and 17.

Exemplary Primers:

(SEQ ID NO: 30) Forward primer: CCTGCTCTGCCGCTTCACGC (SEQ ID NO: 31) Reverse primer: GATGACGCATCCTCACGATAATATCCGG

TABLE 15 Exemplary Reaction Components for Assays Reaction component Concentration Buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.3)) 1X KCl 50 mM or 100 mM MgCl₂ 1.5 mM dNTPs 0.2 mM each Primer 0.3 uM Primer 0.3 uM Template (λ DNA) 5 ng, 1 ng, 200 pg, 40 pg, 8 pg or 0 pg DNA polymerase 1 unit

TABLE 16 Exemplary Cycling Profile Cycling profile: Cycle No. Temp (′ C.) Time Initial denaturation 1 95 3 min Denaturation 30 95 20 sec Annealing/Extension 30 72 30 sec Final elongation 1 72 1 min HOLD 1 4 Indefinite

TABLE 17 Exemplary Cycling Profile Cycling profile: Cycle No. Temp (′ C.) Time Initial denaturation 1 95 3 min Denaturation 30 95 20 sec Annealing/Extension 30 72 20 sec Final elongation 1 72 1 min HOLD 1 4 Indefinite

Reaction products were run on an agarose gel and scored for either a presence or absence of a band at the appropriate fragment size. Exemplary results are shown in Table 18 and FIG. 6. Clone 15 outperforms both Taq and Taq-E7S, including when KCl is added to 100 mM. The annealing/extension time can be decreased to 20 s, with a concomitant decrease in sensitivity, but the advantage of Clone 15 over Taq and Taq-E7S is nonetheless maintained. Clone 15 is able to tolerate higher-salt buffer environments compared to Taq and Taq-E7S polymerases, which may translate, for example, into better performance with crude sample types.

TABLE 18 Fragments Produced by Taq, Taq-E7S and Clone 15 Amount of Template DNA 5 ng 1 ng 200 pg 40 pg 8 pg 30 s Taq  50 mM KCl yes yes no no no 20 s  +50 mM KCl yes/no no no no no Amount of Template DNA 5 ng 1 ng 200 pg 40 pg 8 pg 30 s Taq-E7S  +50 mM KCl yes yes no no no +100 mM KCl yes yes yes no no 20 s  +50 mM KCl yes yes/no no no no +100 mM KCl yes yes no no no Amount of Template DNA 5 ng 1 ng 200 pg 40 pg 8 pg 30 s Clone 15  +50 mM KCl yes yes no no no +100 mM KCl yes yes yes yes/no no 20 s  +50 mM KCl yes yes/no no no no +100 mM KCl yes yes yes no no

Example 7 Tolerance to Sample and Buffer Conditions

Taq, Taq-E7S, and Clone 15 were tested for the ability to amplify an 800 bp fragment using 0.5 mm diameter grapevine leaf discs as template in PCR reactions. Reactions were performed in a buffer containing 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.3; with either 50 mM or 100 mM KCl). Exemplary reaction components are shown in Table 19. Exemplary cycling profile for this assay is shown in Tables 20 and 21.

Exemplary Primers:

(SEQ ID NO: 32) Forward primer: ATGTCACCACAAACAGAGACTAAAG (SEQ ID NO: 33) Reverse primer: TGCATTACGATCGGAACGCCCA

TABLE 19 Exemplary Reaction Components for Assays Reaction component Concentration Buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.3)) 1X KCl 50 mM or 100 mM MgCl₂ 2.0 mM dNTPs 0.2 mM each Primer 0.3 uM Primer 0.3 uM Template (grapevine leaf disc) 0.5 mm diameter DNA polymerase 1 unit Additive (povidone) 3% m/v

TABLE 20 Exemplary Cycling Profile for Taq polymerase Cycling profile: Cycle No. Temp (′ C.) Time Initial denaturation 1 95 10 min Denaturation 30 95 20 sec 30 55 15 sec Annealing/Extension 30 72 50 sec Final elongation 1 72 1 min HOLD 1 4 Indefinite

TABLE 21 Exemplary Cycling Profile for Taq-E7S and Clone 15 Cycling profile: Cycle No. Temp (′ C.) Time Initial denaturation 1 95 10 min Denaturation 30 95 20 sec 30 55 15 sec Annealing/Extension 30 72 25 sec Final elongation 1 72 1 min HOLD 1 4 Indefinite

Reaction products were run on an agarose gel and scored for either a presence or absence of a band at the appropriate fragment size. Exemplary results are shown in FIG. 7. None of the enzymes are capable of amplifying from this difficult sample without povidone additive, but Clone 15 provides higher average yield than Taq-E7S in the presence of the additive. Taq failed to amplify. Exemplary additives that may be used in accordance with the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, bovine serum albumin, tetramethyl ammonium chloride, dimethylsulfoxide, beta-mercaptoethanol, sodium metabisulfite, povidone, Tween 20, Triton X-100, Nonidet P-40, polyethylene glycol, betaine, formamide, 7-deaza dGTP, spermidine, thermostable RecA, glycerol, gelatin, low-fat milk powder, and combinations thereof.

Example 8 Alternative Substitutions at Position 749 in Clone 15

Clone 15 polymerase, and altered versions of Clone 15 polymerases, containing alternative substitutions at position 749 (e.g., F749L, F749V, F749T, F749Y, F749P, F749M), were tested for their ability to amplify an 800 bp amplicon from the plant chloroplast genome using crude extract or purified genomic DNA. Reactions were performed in a buffer containing reaction components as shown in Table 22. Exemplary cycling profile for this assay is shown in Table 23.

Exemplary Primers Include:

(SEQ ID NO: 34) Forward primer: ATGTCACCACAAACAGAGACTAAAG (SEQ ID NO: 35) Reverse primer: TGCATTACGATCGGAACGCCCA

TABLE 22 Exemplary Reaction Components Reaction volume = 50 Reaction component Concentration In 50 uL PCR water — — 21.3-25.8 Tris- HCl (pH 8.5) 1 M 6.75 MgCl2 (supplement to 2.0 mM) 25 mM 4.0 Povidone 20% m/v 7.5 dNTPs 10 mM each 1.0 Primer F 10 uM 1.5 Primer R 10 uM 1.5 Gapevine leaf extract or purified DNA — — 0.5-5 DNA polymerase 20 ng/uL 1.5 TOTAL 50.0

TABLE 23 Exemplary Cycling Profile Cycling profile: Cycle No. Temp (′ C.) Time Initial denaturation 1 95 10 min Denaturation 35 95 20 sec Annealing 35 55 15 sec Extension 35 72 30 sec Final elongation 1 72 1 min HOLD 1 4 Indefinite

Reaction products were run on an agarose gel and scored for a presence or absence, as well as intensity of a band at the appropriate fragment size. Exemplary results are shown in Table 24 and FIG. 8. As shown in FIG. 8, from left to right for each series, results were obtained from crude template in the form of 0.5 μl, 1.0 μl, and 5.0 μl of a crude grapevine leaf extract, followed by a reaction with 2.5 ng purified grapevine genomic DNA and a no-template control. “Plant Blend” indicates a blend of Clone 15 with a proofreading DNA polymerase. A substitution of a P at position 749 resulted in a detrimental effect on the performance of the enzyme, producing a lower yield of PCR product from purified DNA, and no product from crude extract. All other substitutions generated an 800 bp PCR product from both the crude extract and purified DNA, with substitutions of L or V at position 749 seemed to be most promising.

TABLE 24 Fragments Produced Crude Extract Purified DNA Neg. Control 0.5 μl 1.0 μl 5.0 μl 2.5 ng — Clone 15 yes yes yes yes no 749 L yes yes yes yes no 749 V yes yes yes yes no 749 T yes yes yes yes no 749 Y yes yes yes yes no 749 P no no no yes no 749 M yes yes yes yes no Plant Blend yes yes yes yes no

Example 9 Amplification of Long PCR Fragment from Plant Extract

For this experiment, some the altered versions of Clone 15 polymerases from Example 7, blended with a small percentage of proofreading DNA Polymerase, were used to amplify a 1221 bp fragment of the grapevine chromosomal genome. The following primer set was used, at 50 PCR cycles (other conditions the same as in Example 7 above):

Exemplary Primers Include:

(SEQ ID NO: 36) Forward primer: GATCAACCCCGCTGCCCCAC (SEQ ID NO: 37) Reverse primer: CGAAGCCCATCCCCGCTCAG

Reaction products were run on an agarose gel and scored for a presence or absence, as well as intensity of a band at the appropriate fragment size. Exemplary results are shown in Table 25 and FIG. 9. As shown in FIG. 9, from left to right for each series, results were obtained from crude template in the form of a 0.5 mm diameter grapevine leaf disc, 0.5 μl, 1.0 μl, and 5.0 μl of a crude grapevine leaf extract, followed by a reaction with 7 ng purified grapevine genomic DNA spiked with 1.0 μl crude extract, 7 ng purified grapevine genomic DNA alone and a no-template control. “Plant Blend” indicates a blend of Clone 15 with a proofreading DNA polymerase. “Blend” versions of altered Clone 15, for example, those containing substitutions of Leucine, Valine and Threonine, indicates a blend of altered Clone 15 with a proofreading DNA polymerase.

These results indicate that blend versions of altered Clone 15, for example, those containing substitutions of Leucine, Valine and Threonine at position 749, are capable of amplifying long PCR fragments from plant materials (e.g., leaf disc or crude extract). In particular, modified Clone 15 containing a leucine residue at position 749 provides similar performance as a modified Clone 15 containing an isoleucine residue at position 749.

TABLE 25 Fragments Produced Purified DNA spiked with Crude Extract Crude 7 ng Template DNA + Purified Neg. 0.5 mm Crude Extract 1.0 ul DNA Control leaf disk 0.5 ul 1.0 ul 5.0 ul Extract 7 ng — Plant yes yes no no yes yes no Blend 749 L yes yes yes no yes yes no Blend 749 V yes no no no yes yes no Blend 749 T yes no no no yes yes no Blend

TABLE 26 Amino acid sequences of wildtype and modified DNA polymerases >Wild-type Taq(SEQ ID NO: 38) MRGMLPLFEPKGRVLLVDGHHLAYRTFHALKGLTTSRGEPVQAVYGFAKSLLKALKEDGDAVIVVFDAKAPSFRHEA YGGYKAGRAPTPEDFPRQLALIKELVDLLGLARLEVPGYEADDVLASLAKKAEKEGYEVRILTADKDLYQLLSDRIH VLHPEGYLITPAWLWEKYGLRPDQWADYRALTGDESDNLPGVKGIGEKTARKLLEEWGSLEALLKNLDRLKPAIREK ILAHMDDLKLSWDLAKVRTDLPLEVDFAKRREPDRERLRAFLERLEFGSLLHEFGLLESPKALEEAPWPPPEGAFVG FVLSRKEPMWADLLALAAARGGRVHRAPEPYKALRDLKEARGLLAKDLSVLALREGLGLPPGDDPMLLAYLLDPSNT TPEGVARRYGGEWTEEAGERAALSERLFANLWGRLEGEERLLWLYREVERPLSAVLAHMEATGVRLDVAYLRALSLE VAEEIARLEAEVFRLAGHPFNLNSRDQLERVLFDELGLPAIGKTEKTGKRSTSAAVLEALREAHPIVEKILQYRELT KLKSTYIDPLPDLIHPRTGRLHTRFNQTATATGRLSSSDPNLQNIPVRTPLGQRIRRAFIAEEGWLLVALDYSQIEL RVLAHLSGDENLIRVFQEGRDIHTETASWMFGVPREAVDPLMRRAAKTINFGVLYGMSAHRLSQELAIPYEEAQAFI ERYFQSFPKVRAWIEKTLEEGRRRGYVETLFGRRRYVPDLEARVKSVREAAERMAFNMPVQGTAADLMKLAMVKLFP RLEEMGARMLLQVHDELVLEAPKERAEAVARLAKEVMEGVYPLAVPLEVEVGIGEDWLSAKE* Taq-E507K (SEQ ID NO: 39) MRGMLPLFEPKGRVLLVDGHHLAYRTFHALKGLTTSRGEPVQAVYGFAKSLLKALKEDGDAVIVVFDAKAPSFRHEA YGGYKAGRAPTPEDFPRQLALIKELVDLLGLARLEVPGYEADDVLASLAKKAEKEGYEVRILTADKDLYQLLSDRIH VLHPEGYLITPAWLWEKYGLRPDQWADYRALTGDESDNLPGVKGIGEKTARKLLEEWGSLEALLKNLDRLKPAIREK ILAHMDDLKLSWDLAKVRTDLPLEVDFAKRREPDRERLRAFLERLEFGSLLHEFGLLESPKALEEAPWPPPEGAFVG FVLSRKEPMWADLLALAAARGGRVHRAPEPYKALRDLKEARGLLAKDLSVLALREGLGLPPGDDPMLLAYLLDPSNT TPEGVARRYGGEWTEEAGERAALSERLFANLWGRLEGEERLLWLYREVERPLSAVLAHMEATGVRLDVAYLRALSLE VAEEIARLEAEVFRLAGHPFNLNSRDQLERVLFDELGLPAIGKT K KTGKRSTSAAVLEALREAHPIVEKILQYRELT KLKSTYIDPLPDLIHPRTGRLHTRFNQTATATGRLSSSDPNLQNIPVRTPLGQRIRRAFIAEEGWLLVALDYSQIEL RVLAHLSGDENLIRVFQEGRDIHTETASWMFGVPREAVDPLMRRAAKTINFGVLYGMSAHRLSQELAIPYEEAQAFI ERYFQSFPKVRAWIEKTLEEGRRRGYVETLFGRRRYVPDLEARVKSVREAAERMAFNMPVQGTAADLMKLAMVKLFP RLEEMGARMLLQVHDELVLEAPKERAEAVARLAKEVMEGVYPLAVPLEVEVGIGEDWLSAKE* Taq-E7S (SEQ ID NO: 40) MRGMLPLFEPKGRVLLVDGHHLAYRTFHALKGLTTSRGEPVQAVYGFAKSLL N AL QD DGDAVIVVFDAKAPSFRHEA YGGYKAGRAPTPEDFPRQLALIKELVDLLGLARLEVPGYEADDVLASLAKKAEKEGYEVRILTADKDLYQLLSDRIH VLHPEGYLITPAWLWEKYGLRPDQWADYRALTGDESDNLPGVKGIGEKTARKLLEEWGSLEALLKNLDRLKPAIREK ILAHMDDLKLSWDLAKVRTDLPLEVDFAKRREPDRERLRAFLERLEFGSLLHEFGLLESPKALEEAPWPPPEGAFVG FVLSRKEPMWADLLALAAARGGRVHRAPEPYKALRDLKEARGLLAKDLSVLALREGLGLPPGDDPMLLAYLLDPSNT TPEGVARRYGGEWTEEAGERAALSERLFANLWGRLEGEERLLWLYREVERPLSAVLAHMEATGVRLDVAYLRALSLE VAEEIARLEAEVFRLAGHPFNLNSRDQLERVLFDELGLPAIGKT K KTGKRSTSAAVLEALREAHPIVEKILQYRELT KLKSTYIDPLPDLIHPRTGRLHTRFNQTATATGRLSSSDPNLQNIPVRTPLGQRIRRAFIAEEGWLLVALDYSQIEL RVLAHLSGDENLIRVFQEGRDIHTETASWMFGVPREAVDPLMRRAAKTINFGVLYGMSAHRLSQELAIPYEEAQAFI ERYFQSFPKVRAWIEKTLEEGRRRGYVETLFGRRRYVPDLEARVKSVREAAERMAFNMPVQGTAADLMKLAMVKLFP RLEEMGARMLLQVHDELVLEAPKERAEAVARLAKEVMEGVYPLAVPLEVEVGIGEDWLSAKE* >gi|55981023|ref|YP_144320.1| DNA polymerase I [Thermus thermophilus HB8] (SEQ ID NO: 41) MEAMLPLFEPKGRVLLVDGHHLAYRTFFALKGLTTSRGEPVQAVYGFAKSLLKALKEDGYKAVFVVFDAKAPSFRHE AYEAYKAGRAPTPEDFPRQLALIKELVDLLGFTRLEVPGYEADDVLATLAKKAEKEGYEVRILTADRDLYQLVSDRV AVLHPEGHLITPEWLWEKYGLRPEQWVDFRALVGDPSDNLPGVKGIGEKTALKLLKEWGSLENLLKNLDRVKPENVR EKIKAHLEDLRLSLELSRVRTDLPLEVDLAQGREPDREGLRAFLERLEFGSLLHEFGLLEAPAPLEEAPWPPPEGAF VGFVLSRPEPMWAELKALAACRDGRVHRAADPLAGLKDLKEVRGLLAKDLAVLASREGLDLVPGDDPMLLAYLLDPS NTTPEGVARRYGGEWTEDAAHRALLSERLHRNLLKRLEGEEKLLWLYHEVEKPLSRVLAHMEATGVRLDVAYLQALS LELAEEIRRLEEEVFRLAGHPFNLNSRDQLERVLFDELRLPALGKTQKTGKRSTSAAVLEALREAHPIVEKILQHRE LTKLKNTYVDPLPSLVHPRTGRLHTRFNQTATATGRLSSSDPNLQNIPVRTPLGQRIRRAFVAEAGWALVALDYSQI ELRVLAHLSGDENLIRVFQEGKDIHTQTASWMFGVPPEAVDPLMRRAAKTVNFGVLYGMSAHRLSQELAIPYEEAVA FIERYFQSFPKVRAWIEKTLEEGRKRGYVETLFGRRRYVPDLNARVKSVREAAERMAFNMPVQGTAADLMKLAMVKL FPRLREMGARMLLQVHDELLLEAPQARAEEVAALAKEAMEKAYPLAVPLEVEVGMGEDWLSAKG Thermus thermophilus HB8 with Clone 15 mutations in corresponding positions (SEQ ID NO: 42) MEAMLPLFEPKGRVLLVDGHHLAYRTFFALKGLTTSRGEPVQAVYGFAKSLLKALKEDGYK T VFVVFDAKAPSFRHE AYEAYKAGRAPTPEDFPRQLALIKELVDLLGFTRLEVPGYEADDVLATLAKKAEKEGYEVRILTADRDLYQLVSDRV AVLHPEGHLITPEWLWEKYGLRPEQWVDFRALVGDPSDNLPGVKGIGEKTALKLLKEWGSLENLLKNLDRVKPENVR EKIKAHLEDLRLSLELSRVRTDLPLEVDLAQGREPDREGLRAFLERLEFGSLLHEFGLLEAPAPLEEAPWPPPEGAF VGFVLSRPEPMWAELKALAACRDGRVHRAADPLAGLKDL E EVRGLLAKDL C VLASREGLDLVPGDDPMLLAYLLDPS NTTPEGVARRYGGEWTEDAAHRALLSERLHRNLLKRLEGEEKLLWLYHEVEKPLSRVLAHMEATGVRLDVAYLQALS LELAEEIRRLEEEVFRLAGHPFNLNSRDQLERVLFDELRLPALGKT K KTGKRSTSAAVLEALREAHPIVEKILQHRE LTKLKNTYVDPLPSLVHPRTGRLHTRFNQTATATGRLSSSDPNLQNIPVRTPLGQRIRRAFVAEAGWALVALDYSQI ELRVLAHLSGDENLIRVFQEGKDIHTQTASWMFGVPPEAVDPLMRRAAKTVNFGVLYGMSAHRLSQELAIPYEEAVA FIERYFQSFPKVRAW M EKTLEEGRKRGYVETLFGRRRYVPDLNARVKSVREAAERMA I NMPVQGTAADLMKLAMVKL FPRLREMGARMLLQVHDELLLEAPQARAEEVAALAKEAMEKAYPLAVPLEVEVGMGEDWLSAKG >gi|2231821|gb|AAB62092.1| DNA polymerase I [Geobacillus stearothermophilus] (SEQ ID NO: 43) MRLKKKLVLIDGNSVAYRAFFALPLLHNDKGIHTNAVYGFTMMLNKILAEEQPTHLLVAFDAGKTTFRHETFQEYKG GRQQTPPELSEQFPLLRELLKTYRIPAYELYIYEADDIIGTLAARAEQEGFEVKIISGDRDLTQLASRHVTVDITKK GITDIEPYTPETVREKYGLTPEQIVDLKGLMGDKSDNIPGVPGIGEKTAVKLLKQFGTVENVLASIDEVKGEKVKEK LRQHRDLALLSKQLASICRDAPVELSLDALVYEGQDREKVIALFKELGFQSFLEKMAAPAAEGRKPLEEMEFAIVDV ITEEMLADKAALVVEVMEENYHDAPIVGIALVNEHGRFFMRPETALADSQFLAWLADETKKKSMFDAKRAVVALKWK GIDVRGVAFDLLLAAYLLNPAQDAGDIAAVAKMKQYEAVRSDEAVYGKGVKRSLPDEQTLAEHLVRKAAAIWALEQP FMDDLRNNEQDQLLTKLEQPLAAILAEMEFTGVNVDTKRLEQMGSELAEQLRAIEQRIYEHAGQEFNINSPKQLGVI LFEKLQLPVLKKTKTGYSTSADVLEKLAPHHEIVENILHYRQLGKLQSTYIEGLLKVVRPDTGKVHTMFNQTLTQTG RLSSAEPNLQNIPIRLEEGRKIRQAFVPSEPDWLIFAADYSQIELRVLAHIADDDNLIEAFQRDLDIHTKTAMDIFH VSEEEVTANMRRQAKAVNFGIVYGISDYGLAQNLNITRKEAAEFIERYFASFPGVRRYMENIVQEAKQKGYVTTLLH RRRYLPDITSRNFNVRSFAERTAMNTPIQGSAADIIKKAMIDLAARLKEEQLQARLLLQVHDELILEAPKEEIERLC ELVPEVMEQAVSSVPLKVDYHYGPTWYDAK Bacillus stearothermophilus with Clone 15 mutations in corresponding positions (SEQ ID NO: 44) MRLKKKLVLIDGNSVAYRAFFALPLLHNDKGIHTNAVYGFTMMLNKILAEEQPT T LLVAFDAGKTTFRHETFQEYKG GRQQTPPELSEQFPLLRELLKTYRIPAYELYIYEADDIIGTLAARAEQEGFEVKIISGDRDLTQLASRHVTVDITKK GITDIEPYTPETVREKYGLTPEQIVDLKGLMGDKSDNIPGVPGIGEKTAVKLLKQFGTVENVLASIDEVKGEKVKEK LRQHRDLALLSKQLASICRDAPVELSLDALVYEGQDREKVIALFKELGFQSFLEKMAAPAAEGRKPLEEMEFAIVDV ITEEMLADKAALVVEVMEENYHDAPIVGIALVNEHGRFFMRPETALADSQFLAWLADE E KKKSMFDAKR C VVALKWK GIDVRGVAFDLLLAAYLLNPAQDAGDIAAVAKMKQYEAVRSDEAVYGKGVKRSLPDEQTLAEHLVRKAAAIWALEQP FMDDLRNNEQDQLLTKLEQPLAAILAEMEFTGVNVDTKRLEQMGSELAEQLRAIEQRIYEHAGQEFNINSPKQLGVI LFEKLQLPVLKKT K TGYSTSADVLEKLAPHHEIVENILHYRQLGKLQSTYIEGLLKVVRPDTGKVHTMFNQTLTQTG RLSSAEPNLQNIPIRLEEGRKIRQAFVPSEPDWLIFAADYSQIELRVLAHIADDDNLIEAFQRDLDIHTKTAMDIFH VSEEEVTANMRRQAKAVNFGIVYGISDYGLAQNLNITRKEAAEFIERYFASFPGVRRY M ENIVQEAKQKGYVTTLLH RRRYLPDITSRNFNVRSFAERTA I NTPIQGSAADIIKKAMIDLAARLKEEQLQARLLLQVHDELILEAPKEEIERLC ELVPEVMEQAVSSVPLKVDYHYGPTWYDAK >gi|307233423|ref|ZP_07519834.1| DNA polymerase I [Escherichia coli TA143] (SEQ ID NO: 45) MVQIPQNPLILVDGSSYLYRAYHAFPPLTNSAGEPTGAMYGVLNMLRSLIMQYKPTHAAVVFDAKGKTFRDELFEHY KSHRPPMPDDLRAQIEPLHAMVKAMGLPLLAVSGVEADDVIGTLAREAEKAGRPVLISTGDKDMAQLVTPNITLINT MTNTILGPEEVVNKYGVPPELIIDFLALMGDSSDNIPGVPGVGEKTAQALLQGLGGLDTLYAEPEKIAGLSFRGAKT MAAKLEQNKEVAYLSYQLATIKTDVELELTCEQLEVQQPAAEELLGLFKKYEFKRWTADVEAGKWLQAKGAKPAAKP QETSVADEAPEVTATVISYDNYVTILDEETLKAWIAKLEKAPVFAFDTETDSLDNISANLVGLSFAIEPGVAAYIPV AHDYLDAPDQISRERALELLKPLLEDEKALKVGQNLKYDRGILANYGIELRGIAFDTMLESYILNSVAGRHDMDSLA ERWLKHKTITFEEIAGKGKNQLTFNQIALEEAGRYAAEDADVTLQLHLKMWPDLQKHKGPLNVFENIEMPLVPVLSR IERNGVKIDPKVLHNHSEELTLRLAELEKKAHEIAGEEFNLSSTKQLQTILFEKQGIKPLKKTPGGAPSTSEEVLEE LALDYPLPKVILEYRGLAKLKSTYTDKLPLMINPKTGRVHTSYHQAVTATGRLSSTDPNLQNIPVRNEEGRRIRQAF IAPEDYVIVSADYSQIELRIMAHLSRDKGLLTAFAEGKDIHRATAAEVFGLPLETVTSEQRRSAKAINFGLIYGMSA FGLARQLNIPRKEAQKYMDLYFERYPGVLQYMERTRAQAKEQGYVETLDGRRLYLPDIKSSNGARRAAAERAAINAP MQGTAADIIKRAMIAVDAWLQAEQPRVRMIMQVHDELVFEVHKDDVDAVAKQIHQLMENCTRLDVPLLVEVGSGENW DQAH Escherichia coli with Clone 15 mutations in corresponding positions  (SEQ ID NO: 46) MVQIPQNPLILVDGSSYLYRAYHAFPPLTNSAGEPTGAMYGVLNMLRSLIMQYKPT T AAVVFDAKGKTFRDELFEHY KSHRPPMPDDLRAQIEPLHAMVKAMGLPLLAVSGVEADDVIGTLAREAEKAGRPVLISTGDKDMAQLVTPNITLINT MTNTILGPEEVVNKYGVPPELIIDFLALMGDSSDNIPGVPGVGEKTAQALLQGLGGLDTLYAEPEKIAGLSFRGAKT MAAKLEQNKEVAYLSYQLATIKTDVELELTCEQLEVQQPAAEELLGLFKKYEFKRWTADVEAGKWLQAKGAKPAAKP QETSVADEAPEVTATVISYDNYVTILDEETLKAWIAKLEKAPVFAFDTETDSLDNISANLVGLSFAIEPGVAAYIPV AHDYLDAPDQISRERAL E LLKPLLEDEK C LKVGQNLKYDRGILANYGIELRGIAFDTMLESYILNSVAGRHDMDSLA ERWLKHKTITFEEIAGKGKNQLTFNQIALEEAGRYAAEDADVTLQLHLKMWPDLQKHKGPLNVFENIEMPLVPVLSR IERNGVKIDPKVLHNHSEELTLRLAELEKKAHEIAGEEFNLSSTKQLQTILFEKQGIKPLK K TEGGAPSTSEEVLEE LALDYPLPKVILEYRGLAKLKSTYTDKLPLMINPKTGRVHTSYHQAVTATGRLSSTDPNLQNIPVRNEEGRRIRQAF IAPEDYVIVSADYSQIELRIMAHLSRDKGLLTAFAEGKDIHRATAAEVFGLPLETVTSEQRRSAKAINFGLIYGMSA FGLARQLNIPRKEAQKYMDLYFERYPGVLQY M ERTRAQAKEQGYVETLDGRRLYLPDIKSSNGARRAAAERAA I NAP MQGTAADIIKRAMIAVDAWLQAEQPRVRMIMQVHDELVFEVHKDDVDAVAKQIHQLMENCTRLDVPLLVEVGSGENW DQAH >Clone 15 (SEQ ID NO: 47) MRGMLPLFEPKGRVLLVDGHHLAYRTFHALKGLTTSRGEPVQAVYGFAKSLLKALKEDGD T VIVVFDAKAPSFRHEA YGGYKAGRAPTPEDFPRQLALIKELVDLLGLARLEVPGYEADDVLASLAKKAEKEGYEVRILTADKDLYQLLSDRIH VLHPEGYLITPAWLWEKYGLRPDQWADYRALTGDESDNLPGVKGIGEKTARKLLEEWGSLEALLKNLDRLKPAIREK ILAHMDDLKLSWDLAKVRTDLPLEVDFAKRREPDRERLRAFLERLEFGSLLHEFGLLESPKALEEAPWPPPEGAFVG FVLSRKEPMWADLLALAAARGGRVHRAPEPYKALRDL E EARGLLAKDL C VLALREGLGLPPGDDPMLLAYLLDPSNT TPEGVARRYGGEWTEEAGERAALSERLFANLWGRLEGEERLLWLYREVERPLSAVLAHMEATGVRLDVAYLRALSLE VAEEIARLEAEVERLAGHPFNLNSRDQLERVLFDELGLPAIGKT K KTGKRSTSAAVLEALREAHPIVEKILQYRELT KLKSTYIDPLPDLIHPRTGRLHTRFNQTATATGRLSSSDPNLQNIPVRTPLGQRIRRAFIAEEGWLLVALDYSQIEL RVLAHLSGDENLIRVFQEGRDIHTETASWMFGVPREAVDPLMRRAAKTINFGVLYGMSAHRLSQELAIPYEEAQAFI ERYFQSFPKVRAW M EKTLEEGRRRGYVETLFGRRRYVPDLEARVKSVREAAERMA I NMPVQGTAADLMKLAMVKLFP RLEEMGARMLLQVHDELVLEAPKERAEAVARLAKEVMEGVYPLAVPLEVEVGIGEDWLSAKE* >Clone 15(F749L) (SEQ ID NO: 48) MRGMLPLFEPKGRVLLVDGHHLAYRTFHALKGLTTSRGEPVQAVYGFAKSLLKALKEDGD T VIVVFDAKAPSFRHEA YGGYKAGRAPTPEDFPRQLALIKELVDLLGLARLEVPGYEADDVLASLAKKAEKEGYEVRILTADKDLYQLLSDRIH VLHPEGYLITPAWLWEKYGLRPDQWADYRALTGDESDNLPGVKGIGEKTARKLLEEWGSLEALLKNLDRLKPAIREK ILAHMDDLKLSWDLAKVRTDLPLEVDFAKRREPDRERLRAFLERLEFGSLLHEFGLLESPKALEEAPWPPPEGAFVG FVLSRKEPMWADLLALAAARGGRVHRAPEPYKALRDL E EARGLLAKDL C VLALREGLGLPPGDDPMLLAYLLDPSNT TPEGVARRYGGEWTEEAGERAALSERLFANLWGRLEGEERLLWLYREVERPLSAVLAHMEATGVRLDVAYLRALSLE VAEEIARLEAEVERLAGHPFNLNSRDQLERVLFDELGLPAIGKT K KTGKRSTSAAVLEALREAHPIVEKILQYRELT KLKSTYIDPLPDLIHPRTGRLHTRFNQTATATGRLSSSDPNLQNIPVRTPLGQRIRRAFIAEEGWLLVALDYSQIEL RVLAHLSGDENLIRVFQEGRDIHTETASWMFGVPREAVDPLMRRAAKTINFGVLYGMSAHRLSQELAIPYEEAQAFI ERYFQSFPKVRAW M EKTLEEGRRRGYVETLFGRRRYVPDLEARVKSVREAAERMA L NMPVQGTAADLMKLAMVKLFP RLEEMGARMLLQVHDELVLEAPKERAEAVARLAKEVMEGVYPLAVPLEVEVGIGEDWLSAKE

TABLE 27 Exemplary alignments of DNA polymerase amino acid sequences Thermus aquaticus/Thermus thermophilus alignment   1 MRGMLPLFEPKGRVLLVDGHHLAYRTFHALKGLTTSRGEPVQAVYGFAKSLLKALKEDG-   1 MEAMLPLFEPKGRVLLVDGHHLAYRTFFALKGLTTSRGEPVQAVYGFAKSLLKALKEDGY  60 DAVIVVFDAKAPSFRHEAYGGYKAGRAPTPEDFPRQLALIKELVDLLGLARLEVPGYEAD  61 KAVFVVFDAKAPSFRHEAYEAYKAGRAPTPEDFPRQLALIKELVDLLGFTRLEVPGYEAD 120 DVLASLAKKAEKEGYEVRILTADKDLYQLLSDRIHVLHPEGYLITPAWLWEKYGLRPDQW 121 DVLATLAKKAEKEGYEVRILTADRDLYQLVSDRVAVLHPEGHLITPEWLWEKYGLRPEQW 180 ADYRALTGDESDNLPGVKGIGEKTARKLLEEWGSLEALLKNLDRLKP-AIREKILAHMDD 181 VDFRALVGDPSDNLPGVKGIGEKTALKLLKEWGSLENLLKNLDRVKPENVREKIKAHLED 239 LKLSWDLAKVRTDLPLEVDFAKRREPDRERLRAFLERLEFGSLLHEFGLLESPKALEEAP 241 LRLSLELSRVRTDLPLEVDLAQGREPDREGLRAFLERLEFGSLLHEFGLLEAPAPLEEAP 299 WPPPEGAFVGFVLSRKEPMWADLLALAAARGGRVHRAPEPYKALRDLKEARGLLAKDLSV 301 WPPPEGAFVGFVLSRPEPMWAELKALAACRDGRVHRAADPLAGLKDLKEVRGLLAKDLAV 359 LALREGLGLPPGDDPMLLAYLLDPSNTTPEGVARRYGGEWTEEAGERAALSERLFANLWG 361 LASREGLDLVPGDDPMLLAYLLDPSNTTPEGVARRYGGEWTEDAAHRALLSERLHRNLLK 419 RLEGEERLLWLYREVERPLSAVLAHMEATGVRLDVAYLRALSLEVAEEIARLEAEVFRLA 421 RLEGEEKLLWLYHEVEKPLSRVLAHMEATGVRLDVAYLQALSLELAEEIRRLEEEVFRLA 479 GHPFNLNSRDQLERVLFDELGLPAIGKTEKTGKRSTSAAVLEALREAHPIVEKILQYREL 481 GHPFNLNSRDQLERVLFDELRLPALGKTQKTGKRSTSAAVLEALREAHPIVEKILQHREL 539 TKLKSTYIDPLPDLIHPRTGRLHTRFNQTATATGRLSSSDPNLQNIPVRTPLGQRIRRAF 541 TKLKNTYVDPLPSLVHPRTGRLHTRFNQTATATGRLSSSDPNLQNIPVRTPLGQRIRRAF 599 IAEEGWLLVALDYSQIELRVLAHLSGDENLIRVFQEGRDIHTETASWMFGVPREAVDPLM 601 VAEAGWALVALDYSQIELRVLAHLSGDENLIRVFQEGKDIHTQTASWMFGVPPEAVDPLM 659 RRAAKTINFGVLYGMSAHRLSQELAIPYEEAQAFIERYFQSFPKVRAWIEKTLEEGRRRG 661 RRAAKTVNFGVLYGMSAHRLSQELAIPYEEAVAFIERYFQSFPKVRAWIEKTLEEGRKRG 719 YVETLFGRRRYVPDLEARVKSVREAAERMAFNMPVQGTAADLMKLAMVKLFPRLEEMGAR 721 YVETLFGRRRYVPDLNARVKSVREAAERMAFNMPVQGTAADLMKLAMVKLFPRLREMGAR 779 MLLQVHDELVLEAPKERAEAVARLAKEVMEGVYPLAVPLEVEVGIGEDWLSAKE (SEQ ID NO: 49) 781 MLLQVHDELLLEAPQARAEEVAALAKEAMEKAYPLAVPLEVEVGMGEDWLSAKG (SEQ ID NO: 50) Thermus aquaticus/Bacillus stearothermophilus alignment   1 MRGMLPLFEPKGRVLLVDGHHLAYRTFHALKGLTTSRGEPVQAVYGFAKSLLKALKEDG-   1 MR-------LKKKLVLIDGNSVAYRAFFALPLLHNDKGIHTNAVYGFTMMLNKILAEEQP  60 DAVIVVFDAKAPSFRHEAYGGYKAGRAPTPEDFPRQLALIKELVDLLGLARLEVPGYEAD  54 THLLVAFDAGKTTFRHETFQEYKGGRQQTPPELSEQFPLLRELLKTYRIPAYELYIYEAD 120 DVLASLAKKAEKEGYEVRILTADKDLYQLLSDRIHVLHPEG-----YLITPAWLWEKYGL 114 DIIGTLAARAEQEGFEVKIISGDRDLTQLASRHVTVDITKKGITDIEPYTPETVREKYGL 175 RPDQWADYRALTGDESDNLPGVKGIGEKTARKLLEEWGSLEALLKNLDRLKP-AIREKIL 174 TPEQIVDLKGLMGDKSDNIPGVPGIGEKTAVKLLKQFGTVENVLASIDEVKGEKVKEKLR 234 AHMDDLKLSWDLAKVRTDLPLEVDFAKRRE--PDRERLRAFLERLEFGSLLHEFG--LLE 234 QHRDLALLSKQLASICRDAPVELSLDALVYEGQDREKVIALFKELGFQSFLEKMAAPAAE 290 SPKALEEAPWPPPE-------GAFVGFVLSRKEPMWADLLALAAARG---GRVHRAPEPY 294 GRKPLEEMEFAIVDVITEEMLADKAALVVEVMEENYHDAPIVGIALVNEHGRFFMRPETA 340 KA-------LRDLKEARGLLAKDLSVLALR-EGLGLP-PGDDPMLLAYLLDPSNTT---- 354 LADSQFLAWLADETKKKSMFDAKRAVVALKWKGIDVRGVAFDLLLAAYLLNPAQDAGDIA 387 PEGVARRYGGEWTEEAG----------ERAALSERLF---ANLWGRLE------GEERLL 414 AVAKMKQYEAVRSDEAVYGKGVKRSLPDEQTLAEHLVRKAAAIWALEQPFMDDLRNNEQD 428 WLYREVERPLSAVLAHMEATGVRLDVAYLRALSLEVAEEIARLEAEVFRLAGHPFNLNSR 474 QLLTKLEQPLAAILAEMEFTGVNVDTKRLEQMGSELAEQLRAIEQRIYEHAGQEFNINSP 488 DQLERVLFDELGLPAIGKTEKTGKRSTSAAVLEALREAHPIVEKILQYRELTKLKSTYID 534 KQLGVILFEKLQLPVLKKTKTG--YSTSADVLEKLAPHHEIVENILHYRQLGKLQSTYIE 548 PLPDLIHPRTGRLHTRFNQTATATGRLSSSDPNLQNIPVRTPLGQRIRRAFIAEEG-WLL 592 GLLKVVRPDTGKVHTMFNQTLTQTGRLSSAEPNLQNIPIRLEEGRKIRQAFVPSEPDWLI 607 VALDYSQIELRVLAHLSGDENLIRVFQEGRDIHTETASWMFGVPREAVDPLMRRAAKTIN 652 FAADYSQIELRVLAHIADDDNLIEAFQRDLDIHTKTAMDIFHVSEEEVTANMRRQAKAVN 667 FGVLYGMSAHRLSQELAIPYEEAQAFIERYFQSFPKVRAWIEKTLEEGRRRGYVETLFGR 712 FGIVYGISDYGLAQNLNITRKEAAEFIERYFASFPGVRRYMENIVQEAKQKGYVTTLLHR 727 RRYVPDLEARVKSVREAAERMAFNMPVQGTAADLMKLAMVKLFPRL--EEMGARMLLQVH 772 RRYLPDITSRNFNVRSFAERTAMNTPIQGSAADIIKKAMIDLAARLKEEQLQARLLLQVH 785 DELVLEAPKERAEAVARLAKEVMEGVYPLAVPLEVEVGIGEDWLSAKE (SEQ ID NO: 51) 832 DELILEAPKEEIERLCELVPEVMEQAVS-SVPLKVDYHYGPTWYDAK- (SEQ ID NO: 52) Thermus aquaticus/Escherichia coli alignment   1 MRGMLPLFEPKGRVLLVDGHHLAYRTFHALKGLTTSRGEPVQAVYGFAKSLLKALKEDG-   1 -----MVQIPQNPLILVDGSSYLYRAYHAFPPLTNSAGEPTGAMYGVLNMLRSLIMQYKP  60 DAVIVVFDAKAPSFRHEAYGGYKAGRAPTPEDFPRQLALIKELVDLLGLARLEVPGYEAD  56 THAAVVFDAKGKTFRDELFEHYKSHRPPMPDDLRAQIEPLHAMVKAMGLPLLAVSGVEAD 120 DVLASLAKKAEKEGYEVRILTADKDLYQLLSDRIHVLHPEG-YLITPAWLWEKYGLRPDQ 116 DVIGTLAREAEKAGRPVLISTGDKDMAQLVTPNITLINTMTNTILGPEEVVNKYGVPPEL 179 WADYRALTGDESDNLPGVKGIGEKTARKLLEEWGSLEALLKNLDRLK-------PAIREK 176 IIDFLALMGDSSDNIPGVPGVGEKTAQALLQGLGGLDTLYAEPEKIAGLSFRGAKTMAAK 232 ILAHMDDLKLSWDLAKVRTDLPLEVDFAK--RREPDRERLRAFLERLEFG---------S 236 LEQNKEVAYLSYQLATIKTDVELELTCEQLEVQQPAAEELLGLFKKYEFKRWTADVEAGK 281 LLHEFGLLESPK-----ALEEAPWPPP-------------EGAFVGFVLSRKEP------ 296 WLQAKGAKPAAKPQETSVADEAPEVTATVISYDNYVTILDEETLKAWIAKLEKAPVFAFD 316 --------MWADLLALAAARGGRVHR----------APEPYKALRDLKEARGLLAKDLSV 356 TETDSLDNISANLVGLSFAIEPGVAAYIPVAHDYLDAPDQISRERALELLKPLLEDEKAL 359 LA---LREGLGLPPGD---------DPMLLAYLLDPSN-----------------TTPEG 416 KVGQNLKYDRGILANYGIELRGIAFDTMLESYILNSVAGRHDMDSLAERWLKHKTITFEE 390 VARR------YGGEWTEEAG----ERAALSERLFANLWGRLEGEERLLWLYREVERPLSA 476 IAGKGKNQLTFNQIALEEAGRYAAEDADVTLQLHLKMWPDLQKHKGPLNVFENIEMPLVP 440 VLAHMEATGVRLDVAYLRALSLEVAEEIARLEAEVFRLAGHPFNLNSRDQLERVLFDELG 536 VLSRIERNGVKIDPKVLHNHSEELTLRLAELEKKAHEIAGEEFNLSSTKQLQTILFEKQG 500 LPAIGKTEKTGKRSTSAAVLEALREAHPIVEKILQYRELTKLKSTYIDPLPDLIHPRTGR 596 IKPLKKTPG-GAPSTSEEVLEELALDYPLPKVILEYRGLAKLKSTYTDKLPLMINPKTGR 560 LHTRFNQTATATGRLSSSDPNLQNIPVRTPLGQRIRRAFIAEEGWLLVALDYSQIELRVL 655 VHTSYHQAVTATGRLSSTDPNLQNIPVRNEEGRRIRQAFIAPEDYVIVSADYSQIELRIM 620 AHLSGDENLIRVFQEGRDIHTETASWMFGVPREAVDPLMRRAAKTINFGVLYGMSAHRLS 715 AHLSRDKGLLTAFAEGKDIHRATAAEVFGLPLETVISEQRRSAKAINFGLIYGMSAFGLA 680 QELAIPYEEAQAFIERYFQSFPKVRAWIEKTLEEGRRRGYVETLFGRRRYVPDLEARVKS 775 RQLNIPRKEAQKYMDLYFERYPGVLQYMERTRAQAKEQGYVETLDGRRLYLPDIKSSNGA 740 VREAAERMAFNMPVQGTAADLMKLAMVKLFPRLEEMG--ARMLLQVHDELVLEAPKERAE 835 RRAAAERAAINAPMQGTAADIIKRAMIAVDAWLQAEQPRVRMIMQVHDELVFEVHKDDVD 798 AVARLAKEVMEGVYPLAVPLEVEVGIGEDWLSAKE (SEQ ID NO: 53) 895 AVAKQIHQLMENCTRLDVPLLVEVGSGENWDQAH- (SEQ ID NO: 54)

EQUIVALENTS

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. The scope of the present invention is not intended to be limited to the above Description, but rather is as set forth in the appended claims. The articles “a”, “an”, and “the” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, should be understood to include the plural referents. Claims or descriptions that include “or” between one or more members of a group are considered satisfied if one, more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. The invention includes embodiments in which exactly one member of the group is present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process. The invention also includes embodiments in which more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process. Furthermore, it is to be understood that the invention encompasses variations, combinations, and permutations in which one or more limitations, elements, clauses, descriptive terms, etc., from one or more of the claims is introduced into another claim dependent on the same base claim (or, as relevant, any other claim) unless otherwise indicated or unless it would be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art that a contradiction or inconsistency would arise. Where elements are presented as lists, e.g., in Markush group or similar format, it is to be understood that each subgroup of the elements is also disclosed, and any element(s) can be removed from the group. It should it be understood that, in general, where the invention, or aspects of the invention, is/are referred to as comprising particular elements, features, etc., certain embodiments of the invention or aspects of the invention consist, or consist essentially of, such elements, features, etc. For purposes of simplicity those embodiments have not in every case been specifically set forth herein. It should also be understood that any embodiment of the invention, e.g., any embodiment found within the prior art, can be explicitly excluded from the claims, regardless of whether the specific exclusion is recited in the specification.

It should also be understood that, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, in any methods claimed herein that include more than one act, the order of the acts of the method is not necessarily limited to the order in which the acts of the method are recited, but the invention includes embodiments in which the order is so limited. Furthermore, where the claims recite a composition, the invention encompasses methods of using the composition and methods of making the composition. Where the claims recite a composition, it should be understood that the invention encompasses methods of using the composition and methods of making the composition.

INCORPORATION OF REFERENCES

All publications and patent documents cited in this application are incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if the contents of each individual publication or patent document were incorporated herein. All sequence information associated with sequence accession numbers publically available as of the filing date of the present application is hereby incorporated by reference. 

We claim:
 1. A DNA polymerase whose amino acid sequence is at least 95% identical to that of SEQ ID NO:38, but differs from SEQ ID NO:38 at a position corresponding to F749 of SEQ ID NO:38 and furthermore differs from SEQ ID NO:38 by at least two additional amino acids at positions corresponding to at least two of A61, K346, 5357, E507 or I707 of SEQ ID NO:38.
 2. The DNA polymerase of claim 1, wherein the amino acid at a position corresponding to F749 of SEQ ID NO: 38, is selected from the group consisting of L, I, V, T, Y, and M.
 3. The DNA polymerase of claim 1, wherein the amino acid at a position corresponding to 749 of SEQ ID NO: 38 is L, and the at least two additional amino acids correspond to amino acids in SEQ ID NO: 38, but are substitutions relative to SEQ ID NO: 38 and are selected from the group consisting of: A61T, K346E, S357C, E507K, I707M and combinations thereof.
 4. The DNA polymerase of claim 3, wherein the DNA polymerase has increased resistance to a plant-derived PCR inhibitor as compared to that of SEQ ID NO:
 38. 5. A formulation of DNA polymerases comprising: (i) a DNA polymerase whose amino acid sequence is at least 95% identical to that of SEQ ID NO: 38, but differs from SEQ ID NO: 38 by an amino acid at a position corresponding to F749 of SEQ ID NO:38; and furthermore differs from SEQ ID NO: 38 by at least two additional amino acids at positions corresponding to at least two of A61, K346, S357, E507 or I707 of SEQ ID NO:38; and (ii) at least one DNA polymerase exhibiting 3′-exonuclease activity.
 6. The formulation of claim 5, wherein the DNA polymerase and the at least one DNA polymerase exhibiting 3′-exonuclease activity are present in a ratio of about 1:1 to about 1:2000 relative units of enzyme.
 7. A method comprising a step of amplifying nucleic acids in a biological sample using: (i) a DNA polymerase whose amino acid sequence is at least 95% identical to that of SEQ ID NO: 38, but differs from SEQ ID NO: 38 by an amino acid at a position corresponding to F749 of SEQ ID NO:38; and furthermore differs from SEQ ID NO: 38 by at least two additional amino acids at positions corresponding to at least two of A61, K346, S357, E507, or I707 of SEQ ID NO:38; and (ii) at least one additional DNA polymerase, wherein the least one additional DNA polymerase has 3′-exonuclease activity.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the biological sample includes purified DNA or a crude DNA extract.
 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the biological sample is a plant sample.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the plant sample is selected from the group consisting of: leaf tissue, seed tissue, plant tissue, organ tissue, stored plant sample, crude plant DNA extract, and combinations thereof.
 11. The method of claim 7, wherein the DNA polymerase and the at least one additional DNA polymerase are present in a ratio of about 1:1 to about 1:2000 relative units of enzyme.
 12. The DNA polymerase of claim 1, whose amino acid sequence is at least 96% identical to that of SEQ ID NO:
 38. 13. The DNA polymerase of claim 1, whose amino acid sequence is at least 97% identical to that of SEQ ID NO:
 38. 14. The DNA polymerase of claim 1, whose amino acid sequence is at least 98% identical to that of SEQ ID NO:
 38. 15. The DNA polymerase of claim 3, wherein the DNA polymerase has increased resistance to salt relative to that of SEQ ID NO:
 38. 16. A DNA polymerase whose amino acid sequence is that of SEQ ID NO:
 47. 17. A DNA polymerase whose amino acid sequence is that of SEQ ID NO:
 48. 18. A DNA polymerase whose amino acid sequence is at least 98% identical to that of SEQ ID NO: 47, including in that it has I at a position corresponding to F749 of SEQ ID NO: 38, and in that it has at least two other amino acid substitutions at positions relative to wild type DNA polymerase of SEQ ID NO: 38, which positions are selected from the group consisting of 61, 346, 357, 507, 707, and combinations thereof.
 19. A DNA polymerase whose amino acid sequence is at least 98% identical to that of SEQ ID NO: 48, including in that it has L at a position corresponding to F749 of SEQ ID NO: 38 and in that it has at least two other amino acid substitutions at positions relative to wild type DNA polymerase of SEQ ID NO: 38, which positions are selected from the group consisting of 61, 346, 357, 507, 707 and combinations thereof. 